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Science fiction film or sci-fi film is a genre that uses speculativefictional science -based depictions of phenomena that are not fully accepted by mainstream science, such as extraterrestrial lifeformsalien worldsextrasensory perception and time travelalong with futuristic elements such as spacecraftrobotscyborgsinterstellar travel or other technologies.
Science fiction films robot avatar icon images often been used to focus on political or social issuesand to explore robot avatar icon images issues like the human condition. In many cases, tropes derived from written science fiction may be used by filmmakers ignorant of or at best indifferent to robot avatar icon images standards of scientific plausibility and plot logic to which written science fiction is traditionally held.
The genre has existed since the early years of silent cinema, when Georges Melies' A Trip to the Moon employed trick photography effects. The next major example in the genre was the film Metropolis - being the first feature length science fiction movie. Robot avatar icon images Stanley Robot avatar icon images 's landmark A Space Odysseythe science fiction film genre was taken more seriously.
Robot avatar icon images the late s, big-budget science fiction films filled with special effects became popular with audiences after the success of Star Wars and paved the way for the blockbuster robot avatar icon images of subsequent decades. According to Robot avatar icon images Sobchack robot avatar icon images, an American cinema and media theorist and cultural critic:.
Science fiction film is a film genre which emphasizes actual, extrapolative, or speculative science and the empirical methodinteracting in a social context with the lesser emphasized, but still present, transcendentalism of robot avatar icon images and religionin an attempt to reconcile man with the unknown Sobchack This definition suggests a continuum between real-world empiricism and supernatural transcendentalismwith science fiction film on the side of empiricism, and horror film and fantasy film on the side of transcendentalism.
However, there are numerous well-known examples of science fiction horror films, epitomized by such pictures as Frankenstein and Alien. The visual style of science fiction film can be characterized by a clash between alien and familiar images. This clash is implemented when alien images become familiar, as in A Clockwork Orangewhen the repetitions of the Korova Milkbar make the alien decor seem more familiar.
Strangelovethe, distortion of the humans make the familiar images seem more alien. Cultural theorist Scott Bukatman has proposed that science fiction film allows contemporary culture to witness an expression of the sublimebe it through exaggerated scale, robot avatar icon images or transcendence.
Science fiction films appeared robot avatar icon images in the silent film era, typically as short films shot in black and white, sometimes with colour tinting. They usually had a technological theme and were often intended to be humorous. Several early films merged the science fiction and horror genres. Examples of this are Frankensteina film adaptation of Mary Shelley 's novel, and Dr. Hydebased on the psychological tale by Robert Louis Stevenson. In the s, European filmmakers tended to use science fiction for prediction and social commentary, as can be seen in German films such as Metropolis and Frau im Mond Other notable science fiction films of the silent era include The Impossible VoyageThe MotoristConquest of the PoleHimmelskibet ; which with its runtime of 97 minutes generally is considered the first feature-length science fiction film in history[7] The Cabinet of Dr.
In the s, there were several big budget science fiction films, notably Just ImagineKing KongThings to Comeand Lost Horizon Starting ina number of science fiction comic strips were adapted as serialsnotably Flash Gordon and Buck Rogersboth starring Buster Crabbe.
These serials, and the comic strips they were based on, were very popular with robot avatar icon images general public. Other notable science fiction films of the s include FrankensteinBride of FrankensteinDoctor XRobot avatar icon images. HydeF. Cyclops robot avatar icon images, The Devil CommandsDr. The release of Destination Moon and Rocketship X-M brought us to what many people consider "the golden age of the science fiction film".
In the s, public interest in space travel and new technologies was great. While many robot avatar icon images science fiction films were low-budget B moviesthere were several successful films with larger budgets and impressive special effects. There is often a close connection between films in the science fiction genre and the so-called " monster movie ". Examples of this are Them! During the s, Ray Harryhausenprotege of master King Kong animator Willis O'Brien, used stop-motion animation to create special effects for the following notable science fiction films: It Came from Beneath the SeaEarth vs.
Any movie featuring realistic space travel was robot avatar icon images risk of being obsolete at its time of release, rather fossil than fiction. There were relatively few science fiction films in the s, but some of the films transformed science fiction cinema.
Stanley Kubrick 's A Space Odyssey brought new realism to the genre, with its groundbreaking visual effects and realistic portrayal of space travel and influenced the genre with its epic story and transcendent philosophical scope.
Other s films included Planet of the Vampires by Italian filmmaker Mario Bava robot avatar icon images, that is regarded as one of the best movies of the period, Robot avatar icon images of the Apes and Fahrenheitwhich provided social commentary, and the campy Barbarellawhich explored the robot avatar icon images side of earlier science fiction. Jean-Luc Godard 's French "new wave" film Alphaville posited a futuristic Paris commanded by an artificial intelligence which has outlawed all emotion.
The era of manned trips to the moon in and the s saw a resurgence of interest in the science fiction film. Andrei Tarkovsky 's slow-paced Solaris and philosophical Stalker are two widely acclaimed examples of the renewed interest of film auteurs in science fiction. Science fiction films from the early s explored the theme robot avatar icon images paranoia, in which humanity is depicted as under threat from sociological, ecological or technological adversaries of its own creation, such as George Lucas 's directional debut THXThe Andromeda StrainSilent RunningSoylent GreenWestworld and its sequel Futureworldand Logan's Run Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind were box-office hits that brought about a huge increase in science fiction films.
InStar Trek: The Motion Picture brought the television series to the big screen for the first time. Ridley Scott 's films, such as Alien and Blade Runneralong with James Cameron 's The Terminatorpresented the future as dark, dirty and chaotic, and depicted aliens and androids as hostile and dangerous. In contrast, Steven Spielberg 's E. Clarke robot avatar icon images sequel to, were box office failures that dissuaded producers from investing in science fiction literary properties.
Disney's Tron turned out to be a moderate success. The strongest contributors to the genre during the second half of the s were James Cameron and Paul Verhoeven with The Terminator and RoboCop entries.
Robert Zemeckis ' film Back to the Future and its sequels were critically praised and became box office successes, not to mention international phenomena. The Japanese anime film Akira also had a big influence outside Japan when released. In the s, the emergence of the World Wide Web and the cyberpunk genre spawned several movies on the theme of the computer-human interface, such as Terminator 2: Other themes included disaster films e.
Also, the Star Wars prequel trilogy began with the release of Star Wars: Episode I — The Phantom Menacewhich eventually grossed over one billion dollars. As the decade progressed, computers played an increasingly important role in both the addition of special effects thanks to Terminator 2: Judgment Day and Jurassic Park and the production of films.
As software developed in sophistication it was robot avatar icon images to produce more complicated effects. It also enabled filmmakers to enhance the visual quality of animation, resulting in films such as Ghost in the Shell from Japan, and The Iron Giant from the United States. During the first decade of the s, superhero films abounded, as did earthbound science fiction such as the Matrix trilogy. Inthe Star Wars saga was completed with the darkly themed Star Wars: Science-fiction also returned as a tool robot avatar icon images political commentary in films such as A.
The s also saw the release of Transformers and Transformers: Revenge of the Fallenboth of which resulted in worldwide box office success. InJames Cameron 's Avatar garnered worldwide box office success, and would later become the highest-grossing movie of all time. This movie was also an example of political commentary. It depicted humans destroying the environment on another planet by mining for a special metal called unobtainium. That same year, Terminator Salvation was released and garnered only moderate success.
The s has seen new entries in several classic science fiction franchises, including PredatorsTron: Legacya resurgence of the Star Wars series, and entries into the Planet of the Apes and Godzilla franchises.
The superhero film boom has robot avatar icon images continued, into films such as Iron Man 2 and 3several entries into the X-Men film seriesand The Avengerswhich became the fourth-highest-grossing film of all time. New franchises such as DeadpoolWonder Womanand Guardians of the Galaxy have also begun in this decade.
Further into the decade, more realistic science fiction epic films have also become prevalent, including Hugo robot avatar icon images, GravityElysiumInterstellarMad Max: Many of these films have gained widespread accolades, including several Academy Awards wins and nominations. These films have addressed recent matters of scientific interest, including space travel, climate change, robot avatar icon images artificial intelligence.
Alongside these original films, many adaptations have been produced, especially within the young adult dystopian fiction subgenre, popular in the early part of the decade. Independent productions have also increased in the s, with the rise of digital filmmaking making it easier for amateur filmmakers to produce movies.
The Force Awakens Science fiction films are often speculative in nature, and often include key supporting elements of science and technology. However, as often as not the "science" in a Hollywood science fiction movie can be considered pseudo-science, relying primarily on atmosphere and quasi-scientific artistic fancy than facts and conventional scientific theory.
The definition can also vary depending on the viewpoint of the observer. Many science fiction films include elements of mysticism, occultmagic, or the supernaturalconsidered by some to be more properly elements of fantasy or the occult or religious film.
The movie Forbidden Planet employs many common science fiction elements, but the film carries a profound message - that the evolution of a species toward technological perfection in this case exemplified by the disappeared alien civilization called the "Krell" does not ensure the loss of primitive and dangerous urges.
Some films blur the line between the genres, such as films where the protagonist gains the extraordinary powers of the superhero. These films usually employ quasi-plausible reason for the hero gaining these powers. Not all science fiction themes are equally suitable for movies. Science fiction horror is most common. Often enough, these films could just as well pass as Westerns or World War II films if the science fiction props were removed.
Film theorist Vivian Sobchack argues that science fiction films differ from fantasy films in that while science fiction film seeks to achieve our belief in the images we are viewing, fantasy robot avatar icon images instead attempts to suspend our disbelief. The science fiction film displays the unfamiliar and alien in the context of the familiar. Despite the alien nature of the scenes and science fictional elements of the setting, the imagery of the film is related back to mankind and how we relate to our surroundings.
While the science fiction film robot avatar icon images to push the boundaries of the human experience, they remain bound to the conditions and understanding of the audience and thereby contain prosaic aspects, rather than robot avatar icon images completely alien or abstract.
Genre films such as westerns or war movies are bound to a particular area or time period. This is not true of the science fiction film. However, there are several common visual elements that are evocative of the genre.