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This is the Right Thing because in Windows, fds are an abstraction of the C runtime library, and the C runtime allows an fd to be associated with a console. In that case, from the application s point of view it is still writing to the same fd.
I was thinking that sys. Then if an app writes to that buffer, it will get interleaved with any writes via the text stream. The writes to the buffer go to the underlying fd, which probably ends up calling WriteFile at the win32 level. That would just work. The only caveat would be that if you write a partial line to the buffer object or if you set the buffer object to be fully buffered and write to it, and then write to the text stream, the buffer wouldn t be flushed before the text is written.
I think that is fine as long as it is documented. If an app sets the. I ll probably start with a patch that just handles std out,err, though. Actually it looks like that already happens because the sys. But since the naive expectation is foobarbaz n and you already have to flush after each call in order to get that, I think this change in behaviour would be unlikely to affect correct applications.
Don t assume the flush happens after every write, for a correct application. Presently, a correct application only needs to flush between a sequence of writes and a sequence of buffer. The new requirement would be that a correct app also needs to flush between a sequence of buffer. It s rather hard to implement this without any change in behaviour. Or rather, it isn t hard if the TextIOWrapper were to flush its underlying buffer before each time it writes to the console, but I d be concerned about the extra overhead of that call.
I d prefer not to do that unless the new requirement above leads to incompatibilities in practice. It wouldn t be needed after write, because the correct application would already do one there. Am I off-base in supposing that the performance of buffer. Would it suffice if the new scheme internally flushed after every buffer.
It is expected to be line-buffered. So an app might expect that printing characters one-at-a-time will have reasonable performance. In any case, given that the buffer of the initial std out,err will always be a BufferedWriter object since.
I ve looked at the implementation complexity cost of this, and it doesn t seem too bad. A similar issue arises for stdin: This is a bit tricky because the bytes drained from the buffer have to be converted to Unicode, so what happens if they end part-way through a multibyte character. Ugh, I ll have to think about that one.
IIUC, that bug is about the behaviour of print, and didn t suggest to change the fact that sys. By the way, are these changes going to be in a major release.
It seems like there is no correct way for an app to read from both sys. It must choose one or the other. So if flush checks that bit, maybe TextIOWriter could just call buffer.
Calling it at the beginning of a Text level write, that is, which would let the char-at-a-time calls to buffer.
And I totally agree with msgmsg - view Author: I ll benchmark how much overhead is added by the calls to flush; there s no point in breaking the abstraction boundary of BufferedWriter if it doesn t give a significant performance benefit. I suspect that it might not, because Windows is very slow at scrolling a console, which might make the cost of flushing insignificant in comparison. Windows is very slow at scrolling a console, which might make the cost of flushing insignificant in comparison.
How much is due to the XP- 7 switch and how much to the faster computer, I cannot say, but it seemed much more significant than other speedups in other software. Benchmark it on Win7, not XP. I focused my tests on output. To sum up, if we implement sys. It displays also a lot of information about encodings and displays some characters I wrote my tests for cp, cp and cp Write some characters into sys. The test is written for cp, cp and cp code pages.
It then consults errno, which gives the effectively random error message seen. This can be bypassed by using os. The vast majority of non-Python applications never check the return value of write, so don t encounter this problem. This is on Windows 7 SP1. Run chcp then Python from a console. At a guess it appears to be using the UTF-8 byte length of the internal representation instead of the character count. I have a program that had an earlier version of the workaround Michael s original, I think, and it worked fine, then I upgraded from 3.
I have no clue how to fix this, other than going back to Python 3. I only use CommandPrompt for cross-checking behavior. Couldn t python do the same thing internally. See msg for why that won t work, and the subsequent comments for what will work instead basically, using WriteConsoleW and a workaround for a Windows API bug. So it isn t an incompatibility between 3.
At least it is easier to keep 3. Terry, applications for non-programmers that want to emit Unicode on the console so the IDLE shell isn t appropriate. Sure home this issue makes it into 3. Original test script stops at. I am slightly puzzled because cp is an extended ascii codepage and there is a character for 0x Someone wrote elsewhere that 3. I m not at all sure why there is now since 3. The original test script didn t use the supporting code. If you did patch your b0 bwith unicode3.
Victor did add a cp codec using a different issue, not sure how that is relevant here, other than for the tests he wrote. Either way, if it is possible to fix the console, why is it not distribute it with the fix. Maybe IDLE should gain a batch-mode console window -- basically a stripped down version of the current shell -- a minimal auto-gui for apps.
Not sure what you are asking here. Yes it is possible to fix the console, but this fix depends on the version-specific internals of the Python IO system so unicode3.
I haven t tested to see if my patched unicode3. So my opinion is the fix is better done inside Python than inside the application. Will this be solved in 3. I tried to write a solution file attached based on solution here — rewriting sys.
Output works well, but there are few problems with input. First, the Python interactive interpreter actually doesn t use sys. But still the interpreter uses sys. Wouldn t it make more sense if it used sys. However, input which uses stdin. There s a small problem with KeyboardInterrupt. Since signals are processed asynchronously, it s raised at random place and it behaves wierdly. Is there a way of changing the intepreter loop. Some hook which calls code. The patch can be applied in site or sitecustomized, but calling code.
It bypasses standard Python interactive interpreter and uses its own repl based on code. Why it works like that. Startup script could find out if a file is run or not. If anybody knows how to get rid of time. I have made a small upgrade of the workaround.
This can be done in sitecustomize. Since Python interactive console doesn t use sys. This works for interactive session just running python with no script.
Since there is no hook to run InteractiveConsole. It just runs given script and then enters an interactive mode using InteractiveConsole. It s a shame that in the year one cannot simply run Python console on Windows and enter Unicode characters.
I m not saying it s just Python fault, but there is a workaround on Python side. I have rewritten the custom stdio objects and implemented them as raw io reading and writing bytes in UTFLE encoding. This approach also solves a bug of wrong string length given to WriteConsoleW when the string contained supplementary character.
However it uses its encoding which results in mess when sys. See msg - view Author: Thanks for your work in progressing this issue. There have been a variety of techniques proposed for this issue, but it sounds like yours has built on what the others learned, and is close to complete, together with issue Is this in a form that can be used with Python 3.
Can it be loaded externally from a script, or must it be compiled into Python, or both. I ve been using a variant of davidsarah s patch since 2 years now, but would like to take yours out for a spin. Is there a Complete Idiot s guide to using your patch. Yes I have built on what the others learned. For your question, I made it and tested it in Python 3. Reedy says you can just load the module and enable the streams.
I do this automatically on startup using sitecustomize. However as I said currently this meeses up the interactive session because of I have made some workaround — custom REPL built on stdlib module code. I m uploding full code. I will delete it if this isn t appropriate place. Things like this could be fixed more easily if more core interpreter logic took place in stdlib.
Few days ago I started some discussion on python ideas: Nick Coghlan ncoghlan Date: Steve, if you or a colleague could provide some insight on getting this to work properly, that would be greatly appreciated.
The only apparent sticking point is that this would cause an ordering incompatibility with stdout. Last I heard, the official advice was to use PowerShell. One other point that came up was UTF-8 handling after redirecting output to a file. I don t see an issue there - UTF-8 is going to be one of the first guesses with or without a BOM for text that is not UTF, and apps that assume something else are no worse off than with any other codepage.
So I don t have any great answers, sorry. I d love to see the defaults handle it properly, but opt-in scripts like Drekin s may be the best way to enable it broadly. Better error handling getting errno by GetLastError and raising exception when zero bytes are written on non-zero input.
This prevents the infinite loop in BufferedIOWriter. It also prevents the same infinite loop when the buffer is too big to write at once see. The limit of bytes was added to raw write.
Please don t send ZIP files to the bug tracker. It would be much better to have a project on github, Mercurial or something else, to have the history of the source code. You may try tp list all people who contributed to this code. You may also create a project on pypi. This bug tracker is not the best place for that. When the code will be consider mature well tested, widely used, we can try to integrate it into Python.
So I did it. I also tried to delete the files, but it seems that it is only possible to unlink a file from the issue, but the file itself remains. Is it possible to manage the files. In a few months, if we get enough feedback on this project, we may reconsider integrating it into Python.
What do you think. Please don t use Python bug tracker to report bugs to the package. I don t see any value in keeping the issue open since nobody worked on it last 7 years. I just want to make it clear that we will not fix this issue. Well, in fact I spent a lot of hours trying to find a way to fix the issue, and my conclusion is that it s not possible to handle correctly Unicode input and output in a Windows console.
Please read the whole issue for the detail. However, that s not substantially different from the situation when the standard streams are replaced with StringIO objects, and they don t have an underlying buffer object at all. That may be a suitable model for Windows console IO as well - present it to the user in a way that doesn t expose an underlying bytes-based API at all.
Now, it may not be feasible to implement this until we get the startup code cleaned up, but I m not going to squash interest in improving the situation when it s one of the major culprits behind the Unicode is even more broken in Python 3 than it is in Python 2 meme. And writing Unicode data to the console as part of an interactive or command line program has to either be done with the hopes that the data only includes characters in the console, to avoid the failures, or with lots of special encoding calls and character substitutions for code points not in the console repertoire.
Remember that the console is supposed to be human readable, not encoded numerically as ascii would do. If there is any problem, you can start an issue on project GitHub site or contact me. Victor Stinner, Nick Coghlan: What s wrong with looking on Windows wide strings as on UTFLE encoded bytes and building the raw stream objects around this.
So they would only affect interoperability between internal command output piped to a Python program. The biggest issue in this bug, however, is the output of Python programs not being properly displayed by the console window often thought of or described as the CMD shell window.
While my biggest concerns have been with output, I suppose input can be an issue also, and running the output of echo, or other internal commands, into Python could be an issue as well. Obviously, once output is working properly, input should also be tested and fixed, although I think output is more critical. With the impetus of your question I just took some text supplied in another context that has a bunch of characters from different repertoires, including non-BMP, and tried to paste it into the console window.
Here is the text:. In the console window, which I have configured using the Consolas font, the glyphs for the non-ASCII characters in the first two and last lines were boxes likely Consolas doesn t support those characters. I had written a Python equivalent of echo, including some workarounds originally posted in this issue, and got exactly the same output as input, with no errors produced.
So it is a bit difficult to test characters outside the repertoire of whatever font is configured for the console window. Perhaps someone that has Chinese or Korean fonts configured for their console window could report on further testing of the above or similar strings. Without active workaroud there is just UnicodeEncodeError with cp for me. There is problem with astral characters — I m getting each box twice. It is possible that Windows console doesn t handle astral characters at all — it doesn t interpret surrogate pairs.
Stefan Champailler wiz21 Date: Here s a session in a windows console cmd. So basically, the python interpreters just quits without any message. Windows doesn t comply about python crashing though. Stefanmsg - view Author: So I tested again with missing parenthesis added:. Exactly the same behaviour. The underlying licensing situation for CPython is a little messy albeit in a way that doesn t impact users or redistributors, so we use the contributor agreement to ensure we continue to have the right to distribute Python under its current license without making the history any messier, and to preserve the option of switching to a simpler standard license at some point in the future if it ever becomes feasible to do so.
The crash you see is maybe not a crash at all. First it has nothing to do with printing, the problem is reading of your input line. That explains why Python exited even before printing the traceback of the SyntaxError.
If you try to read input using sys. Why are you using chcp As far as I know, it doesn t give you the ability to use Unicode in the console. It somehow helps with printing, but there are some issues. That should get processed by the PSF Secretary before too long, and the to indicate you have signed it will appear by your name.
The answer from the REPL is, to me, very suprising. I would have expected a badly displayed character at least and a syntax error at worst. I consider myself quite aware of unicode issues but without any output from the repl, I d have very hard times figuring out what went wrong, hence my bug report.
So even though this might not qualify as the worse bug in Python, I d say it is actually quite misleading. But see no complaint here, I m very happy with Python in general. It s just that I thought I had to tell it to the dev team. But I ll readily admit I didn t read all the stuff about encoing issues on Windows console before trying. Mark Hammond mhammond Date: I d call it a crash - the repl shouldn t exit. But it s not necessarily part of this bug. It is superior to the Windows console in other ways too.
For instance, cut and paste work normally as for other Windows windows. Check the results in any search engine. See - view Author: This level of responsiveness is truly amazing. I ve played a bit with IPython and it works just fine. I can type the eurosign drectly with Alt Gr - E so I didn t enter a unicode code.
So the bug is basically solved for me. But the python-repl behaviour still looks strange to me. So here s a successful IPython session:. CPython s setting up the standard streams for the default REPL at a much lower level, and there are quite a few problems with the way we re currently doing it.
I think Drekin s pointed the way towards substantially improving the situation for 3. On the windows console:. I got this working by using the stream patch, but got another example on which is is not correct, see below. Any way around this. You are mixing two issues here. One is reading text from a file. There is no problem with it. Since the encoding of the file depends on the file, you should provide the information about it. That s what is this issue about. The streams code you use is outdated, for recent version see https: It s an installable package which tries to solve the issue.
The readme also contains a summary of the issue. Try the package and let me know if there is any problem. Using encoding with plain open works just fine and using the latest win-unicode-console does give correct output for the second example as well. This makes stepping through such source code impossible. I mention it, because it hasn t been mentioned before, and debuggers are mysterious and low-level enough, that solutions that might work for normal code, may not solve working with the debuggermsg - view Author: There is just an issue when you keep calling next even after the main program ended.
It ends with a RuntimeError after a few iterations. I didn t know that pdb can continue debugging after the main program has ended. Dainis Jonitis Jonitis Date: I ve created potential fix for it at https: There might be much more robust ways to check for wrappers. I just wanted to make you aware, if this code will be used as basis for Python 3. Our wrapper missing fileno is a bug in our side, but finding the original one will break output forwarding.
There would be no problem if win-unicode-console stream replacement occured before PTVS wraps them, which should be the case when Unicode streams for Windows are hadled by Python 3. Currently, if you want to redirect stdout output to file it throws. When stdout is redirected, it is not a tty so win-unicode-console doesn t replace the stream object, which is the right thing to do. You got UnicodeEncodeError because Python creates sys. In my case it is cp which cannot encode whole Unicode.
For example, if you have a script producer. Thank you, that comment is spot on - there are multiple issues being conflated here. I ve tested this as well as I can without figuring out how to install a better font for the windows console.
It appears to work on both python 3. Hopefully this is useful in finally resolving the issue. Also I think some maintenance patch for 2. Hello, I m maintaining a package that tries to solve this issue: There are actually many related problems.
Windows activation does not work when the sppsvc. Any framework that implements the OSGi standard provides an environment for the modularization of applications into smaller bundles. Each bundle is a tightly coupled. EPUB enables the creation and transport of reflowable digital books and other types of content as single-file digital publications that are interoperable between disparate EPUB-compliant reading devices and applications.
Provides a mechanism to specify a declarative table of contentsglobal navigation structure the NCX. Great variety is possible in the architecture of Reading Systems. A Reading System may be implemented entirely on one device, or it may be split among several computers. Reading Systems may include additional processing functions, such as compression, indexing, encryption, rights management, and distribution.
Publication can be combined into a single file-system entity. Reading Systems may include. Reading Systems may support XML 1. Support for XML 1. It may contain Dublin Core metadata elements. If the dc-metadata element is not used, all metadata elements must go directly in the metadata element. At least one of each of Dublin Core title, identifier and language must be included in the metadata element. When a document with a. It is valid for this item to appear in the spine because the fallback chain includes in this case terminates.
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The order of site elements is presumed to be significant, and should be used by Reading Systems to aid navigation. It will still not run on another computer and says I do not have a valid XML signature. I have pasted the error message below. I have also read: Exception reading manifest from file: I need to be able to deploy my program on.
Following failure messages were detected:. The second application manifest, describes the COM components which are exposed in the assembly. It needs to be set as the application manifest which resides as a.
As with all repair and rehabilitation of concrete, the initial job analysis is by far the most important step. Epoxy Injection Resin will weld. Steps for crack injection including installing injection ports, sealing the surface, injecting the crack, and removing the ports. If the other side of the wall is accessible, see if the crack goes clean through. If it does, seal it up with crack sealer, too. Allow the sealer to cure for 6 to 10 hours before injecting the epoxy.
Thoroughly mix the LCR epoxy using the plunger rod that comes with the kit. Place the LCR cartridge into a caulk gun. Starting at the lowest injection port, dispense the epoxy into the crack. Continue squeezing the trigger until epoxy begins to ooze out of the port directly above. Dozens of ideas, loads of how-tos, and the latest advice on the projects and products you need to improve your home today, plus special offers. Remove the gun and plug up the port you just filled.
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If your card isn t compatible with Commview you ll need to install the wildpackets drivers. Now go to you place where you installed Commview in the program itself and look for a file called ca2k. OKAY that was a whole lot. If you did all of this correct you ll be able to move to the next step. Airodump-ng should start capturing data from the networks on the given channel now, you ll notice it isn t going fast except if it s a big company s network or something.
We are going to speed this process up. It means MAC filtering is enabled on the network you want to crack and you ll need to get hold of a mac address that s allowed access. It automatically starts over again moving closer to the AP has been reported to help. Remember the file I made bold in part 8. Well it s obviously the same as in 9 meaning you need to put the same filename here. The part I made green here is the filename you use to save the packet, you can choose whatever you want but you must use this filename in the upcomming steps.
Filename The name of the file where the data packets are saved, this will be used in the next step. If all goes correct you should be capturing as much packets per second as you are injecting maybe even more. Gravatars are small images that can show your personality.
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Issues affecting privacy, security, anonymity, and encryption on the internet. If you do, there are several base classes in codecs to make the process easier. The first step is to understand the nature of the transformation described by the encoding. For example, an invertcaps encoding converts uppercase letters to lowercase, and lowercase letters to uppercase. Here is a simple definition of an encoding function that performs this transformation on an input string: Fortunately, codecs includes some helper functions for creating character map based codecs such as invertcaps.
A character map encoding is made up of two dictionaries. The encoding map converts character values from the input string to byte values in the output and the decoding map goes the other way.
The search function must take a single string argument with the name of the encoding, and return a CodecInfo object if it knows the encoding, or None if it does not. The internal search function registered by codecs knows how to load the standard codecs such as UTF-8 from encodings, so those names will never be passed to your search function. This example puts all of the pieces together to register a search function that returns a CodecInfo instance configured for the invertcaps codec.
Each method must return a tuple containing the transformed data and the number of the input bytes or characters consumed. IncrementalEncoder and IncrementalDecoder serve as base classes for the incremental interfaces. The encode and decode methods of the incremental classes are defined in such a way that they only return the actual transformed data. Any information about buffering is maintained as internal state. The invertcaps encoding does not need to buffer data it uses a one-to-one mapping.
For encodings that produce a different amount of output depending on the data being processed, such as compression algorithms, BufferedIncrementalEncoder and BufferedIncrementalDecoder are more appropriate base classes, since they manage the unprocessed portion of the input for you. StreamReader and StreamWriter need encode and decode methods, too, and since they are expected to return the same value as the version from Codec you can use multiple inheritance for the implementation.
DEF See alsocodecsThe standard library documentation for this module. SocketServerFor a more detailed example of an echo server, see the SocketServer module. On Character StringsA look at the history of string processing in programming languages, by Tim Bray. BytesPart one of Tim Bray s essay on modern character string processing for computer programmers. I am using Windows XP Home. When I run the following program: But if I do chcp the program prints up to 7F before hitting a unicode encoding error.
This is different behaviour from Python 2. We are planing to rewrite parts of the Windows specific API to use the widechar variants. There simply doesn t seem to be a true Unicode codepage for command-line apps.
Then, I opened a command prompt with a bitmap font. Traceback most recent call last: File , line 1, in IOError: So it does for: Errno 2 No such file or directory You see. It printed all the characters before failing. Also the following works: So it s possible that it is a python bug, or at least something can be done about it.
I can print every Unicode character up to and including U D7FF although most just come out as rectangles, at least I don t get encoding errors. It fails at U D with message: Mark Summerfield added the comment: Glenn Linderman s fix pretty well works for me on XP Home.
That s normal and expected: D is the start of the surrogate ranges which are only allows in pairs in UTF Those are just a limitation of the selected font for the console window. And is there a way to get hold of the access denied error.
Here are my steps to reproduce: Dokumente und Einstellungen root d: Python31 python Python 3. U is displayed instead WriteConsoleOutputA and WriteConsoleOutputW Without touching the code page If the character can be rendered by the current font eg. It is certainly possible to write Unicode to the console Did you tried with characters not encodable to the code page and with character that cannot be rendeded by the font.
But is it always the case. There is an example which has many tests to check that stdout is the windows console and not a pipe or something else. Raster fonts With a fresh console, unicode2. Lucida console With my system code page OEM: All you need to do is change Bitcoin data directory.
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