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The Lightning Network is a "second layer" payment protocol that operates on top of a blockchain most commonly Bitcoin. It enables instant transactions between participating nodes and has been touted as a solution to the bitcoin scalability problemit features a peer-to-peer system for making micropayments of digital cryptocurrency through a network of bidirectional payment channels without delegating custody of funds and minimizing trust of third parties.
Normal use of the Lightning Network consists of opening a payment channel by committing a funding transaction to the relevant blockchain, followed by making any number of Lightning transactions that update the tentative distribution of the channel's funds without broadcasting to the blockchain, optionally followed by closing the payment channel by broadcasting the final version of the transaction to distribute the channel's funds.
The specification is available on Github, and its largest contributor is Rusty Russell bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass Blockstream. The public alpha release of lnd was made on 10 January[4] the Release Candidate RC1 of the Lightning protocol specification was released on 6 December In Decemberthree different entities working on creating software implementations, ACINQ, Lightning Labs, Blockstreamperformed a series of interoperable test transactions.
Payment provider Bitrefill tweeted in December claiming it was the first lightning transaction operating on the Bitcoin network. On January 4, TorGuard became the first VPN provider to accept payments via mainnet Lightning network [7] while covering any potential losses of funds when sending Lightning payments.
In January Blockstream launched a payment processing system for web retailers called "Lightning Charge," and noted that lightning was live on mainnet with 60 nodes operating as of January 18,and should be considered "in testing. The released also included Litecoin support. In Aprilthe eclair wallet was removed from the Google Play store for a few days because the app developer lost the private signing key making it unable to be updated for critical bugs.
In AprilBtcduke. In MayVaultoro. The exploit used as many node connections as possible to prevent any new connections. The payment channels allow participants to transfer money to each other without having to bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass all their transactions public on the blockchainthis is done by penalizing uncooperative participants.
When opening a channel, participants must commit an amount in a funding transactionwhich is on the blockchain. If we presume a large network of channels on the Bitcoin blockchain, and all Bitcoin users are participating on this graph by having at least one channel open on the Bitcoin blockchain, it is possible to create a near-infinite amount of transactions inside this network, the only transactions that are broadcast on the Bitcoin blockchain prematurely are with uncooperative channel counterparties.
Bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass Alice and Bob have a payment channel, both of them also have a "latest" commitment transaction. A commitment transaction divides the funds from the funding transaction according to the correct allocation between Alice and Bob, for example, if Alice owns 1. Commitment transactions allow multiple users to participate in a single transaction and thus act as a single entityusing a bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass system.
Since commitment transactions spend the funding transaction, they must bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass signed by both partners. Commitment transactions are actually a pair of asymmetrical transactions. Alice's commitment transaction contains two outputs: Bob's commitment transaction is the reverse: The Lightning Bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass is made up of bidirectional payment channels between two nodes which combined create smart contracts.
Mesh networking — A mesh network is a network topology in which each node relays data for the network. All mesh nodes cooperate in the distribution of data in the network, Mesh networks can relay messages using either a flooding technique or a routing technique.
With routing, the message is propagated along a path by hopping from node to node until it reaches its destination. To ensure all its paths availability, the network must allow for connections and must reconfigure itself around broken paths.
Self-healing allows a network to operate when a node breaks down or when a connection becomes unreliable. As a result, the network is quite reliable, as there is often more than one path between a source and a destination in the network. Although mostly used in situations, this concept can also apply to wired networks. A mesh network whose nodes are all connected to other is a fully connected network.
Fully connected wired networks have the advantages of security and reliability, however, in such networks, the number of cables, and therefore the cost, goes up rapidly as the number of nodes increases. Mesh networks can be considered a type of an ad-hoc network, thus, mesh networks are closely related to mobile ad hoc networks, although MANETs also must deal with problems introduced by the mobility of the nodes.
Shortest path bridging bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass Ethernet switches to be bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass in a mesh topology, Wireless mesh networks were originally developed for military applications. Work in this field has been aided by the use of game theory methods to analyze strategies for the allocation of resources and routing of packets.
Early wireless bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass networks all use nodes that have a single half-duplex radio that, at any one instant, can transmit or receive. This requires a shared mesh configuration, the first widely deployed mesh network was created for the military market. In rural Catalonia, Guifi. Nowadays with more than 30, nodes it is only halfway a fully connected network, zigBee digital radios are incorporated into some consumer bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass, including battery-powered appliances.
Software developer — A software developer is a person concerned with facets of the software development process, including the research, design, programming, and testing of computer software. Other job titles which are used with similar meanings are programmer, software analyst.
According to developer Eric Sink, the differences between system design, software development, and programming are more apparent, even more so that developers become systems architects, those who design the bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass architecture or component interactions of a large software system.
In a large company, there may be employees whose sole responsibility consists of one of bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass phases above.
In smaller development environments, a few people or even an individual might handle the complete process. The word software was coined as a prank as early asbefore this time, computers were programmed either by customers, or the few commercial computer vendors of the time, such as UNIVAC and IBM. The first company founded to provide products and services was Computer Usage Company in The software industry expanded in the early s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities, universities, government, and business customers created a demand for software.
Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers, some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a basis, and other firms such as Computer Sciences Corporation started to grow. The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the computer in the mids. In the following years, it created a growing bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass for bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass, applications.
DOS, Microsofts first operating system product, was the dominant operating system at the time, by the role of cloud developer had been defined, in this context, one definition of a developer in general was published, Developers make software for the world to use.
Bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass job of a developer is to crank out code -- fresh code for new products, code fixes for maintenance, code for business logic, bus factor Software Developer description from the US Department of Labor. As long ago as the s, IBM used similar terminology for their hardware development, a test was the verification of a new product before public announcement.
B test was the verification before releasing the product to be manufactured, C test was the final test before general availability of the product.
The usage of beta test to refer to testing done by customers was not done in IBM, rather, IBM used bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass term field test. Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, in typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions.
Milestone versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the functionality is complete, the alpha phase of the release life cycle is the first phase to begin software testing. In this phase, developers generally test the software using white-box techniques, additional validation is then performed using black-box or gray-box techniques, by another testing team.
Moving to black-box testing inside the organization is known as alpha release, alpha software can be unstable and could cause crashes or data loss. Alpha software may not contain all of the features that are planned for the final version, in general, external availability of alpha software is uncommon in proprietary software, while open source software often has publicly available alpha versions.
The alpha phase usually ends with a freeze, indicating that no more features will be added to the software. At this time, the software is said to be feature complete, Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha.
Software in the stage is also known as betaware. Beta phase generally begins when the software is complete but likely to contain a number of known or unknown bugs. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts to users, often incorporating usability testing, the process of delivering a beta version to the users is called beta release and this is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it.
Beta version software is useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization. Some of the metadata that a repository contains includes, among other things, a set of references to commit objects, called heads.
The main purpose of a repository is to store a set of files and these differences in methodology have generally led to diverse uses of revision control by different groups, depending on their needs. Software repository Codebase Forge Comparison of source code hosting facilities.
C programming language — C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between and at Bell Labs, and used to re-implement the Unix operating system. C has been standardized by the American National Standards Institute sinceC is an imperative procedural language. Therefore, C was useful for applications that had formerly been coded in assembly language. Despite its low-level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming, a bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass and portably written C program can be compiled for a very wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code.
The language has become available on a wide bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass of platforms. In C, all code is contained within subroutines, which are called functions. Function parameters are passed by value. Pass-by-reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointer values, C program source text is free-format, using the semicolon as a statement terminator and curly braces for grouping blocks of statements.
More than one assignment may be performed in a single statement, function return values can be ignored when not needed. Typing is static, but weakly enforced, all data has a type, C has no define keyword, instead, a statement beginning with the name of a type is taken as a declaration. There is no function keyword, instead, a function is indicated by the parentheses of an argument list, user-defined bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass compound types are possible.
Heterogeneous aggregate data types bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass related data elements to be accessed and assigned as a unit, array indexing is a secondary notation, defined in terms of pointer arithmetic. Unlike structs, arrays are not first-class objects, they cannot be assigned or compared using single built-in operators, There is no array keyword, in use or definition, instead, square brackets indicate arrays syntactically, for example month.
Enumerated types are possible with the enum keyword and they are not tagged, and are freely interconvertible with integers. Strings are not a data type, but are conventionally implemented as null-terminated arrays of characters. Low-level access to memory is possible by converting machine addresses to typed pointers.
Scala programming language — Scala is a general-purpose programming language providing support for functional programming and a strong static type system. Designed to be concise, many of Scalas design decisions were designed to build from criticisms of Java, Scala source code is intended to be compiled to Java bytecode, so that the resulting executable code runs on a Java virtual machine.
Scala provides language interoperability with Java, so that libraries written in languages may be referenced directly in Scala or Java code. Like Java, Scala is object-oriented, and uses a syntax reminiscent of the C programming language. Unlike Java, Scala has many features of programming languages like Scheme, Standard ML and Haskell, including currying, type inference, immutability, lazy evaluation. It also has a type system supporting algebraic data types, covariance and contravariance, higher-order types.
Other features of Scala not present in Java include operator overloading, optional parameters, named parameters, raw strings, the name Scala is a portmanteau of scalable and language, signifying that it is designed to grow with the demands of its users.
Odersky formerly worked on Generic Java, and bitstamp mtgox price difference between firstclass, Suns Java compiler, after an internal release in lateScala was released publicly in early on the Java platform, A second version followed in March Although Scala had extensive support for programming from its inception.
