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A content delivery network or content distribution network CDN is a geographically distributed network of proxy servers and their data centers. The goal is to distribute service spatially relative to end-users to provide high availability and high performance.
CDNs serve a large portion of the Internet content today, including web objects text, graphics and scripts , downloadable objects media files, software, documents , applications e-commerce, portals , live streaming media, on-demand streaming media, and social networks.
CDNs are a layer in the internet ecosystem. Content owners such as media companies and e-commerce vendors pay CDN operators to deliver their content to their end users. CDN is an umbrella term spanning different types of content delivery services: CDN nodes are usually deployed in multiple locations, often over multiple backbones.
Benefits include reducing bandwidth costs, improving page load times, or increasing global availability of content. The number of nodes and servers making up a CDN varies, depending on the architecture, some reaching thousands of nodes with tens of thousands of servers on many remote points of presence PoPs. Others build a global network and have a small number of geographical PoPs. Requests for content are typically algorithmically directed to nodes that are optimal in some way.
When optimizing for performance, locations that are best for serving content to the user may be chosen. This may be measured by choosing locations that are the fewest hops , the least number of network seconds away from the requesting client, or the highest availability in terms of server performance both current and historical , so as to optimize delivery across local networks.
When optimizing for cost, locations that are least expensive may be chosen instead. In an optimal scenario, these two goals tend to align, as edge servers that are close to the end-user at the edge of the network may have an advantage in performance or cost. These sets of PoPs can be called "edges", "edge nodes" or "edge networks" as they would be the closest edge of CDN assets to the end user.
The CDN's Edge Network grows outward from the origins through further acquisitions via purchase, peering , or exchange of co-locations facilities, bandwidth, and servers. The Internet was designed according to the end-to-end principle. As a result, the core network is specialized, simplified, and optimized to only forward data packets. Content Delivery Networks augment the end-to-end transport network by distributing on it a variety of intelligent applications employing techniques designed to optimize content delivery.
The resulting tightly integrated overlay uses web caching, server- load balancing , request routing, and content services. Web caches store popular content on servers that have the greatest demand for the content requested. These shared network appliances reduce bandwidth requirements, reduce server load, and improve the client response times for content stored in the cache.
Web caches are populated based on requests from users pull caching or based on preloaded content disseminated from content servers push caching. Server-load balancing uses one or more techniques including service-based global load balancing or hardware-based, i. Here the switch is assigned a single virtual IP address. Traffic arriving at the switch is then directed to one of the real web servers attached to the switch. This has the advantage of balancing load, increasing total capacity, improving scalability, and providing increased reliability by redistributing the load of a failed web server and providing server health checks.
A content cluster or service node can be formed using a layer 4—7 switch to balance load across a number of servers or a number of web caches within the network. Request routing directs client requests to the content source best able to serve the request. This may involve directing a client request to the service node that is closest to the client, or to the one with the most capacity. A variety of algorithms are used to route the request.
CDNs use a variety of methods of content delivery including, but not limited to, manual asset copying, active web caches, and global hardware load balancers.
Several protocol suites are designed to provide access to a wide variety of content services distributed throughout a content network. It is fairly common for websites to have generated content. It could be because of changing content like catalogs or forums, or because of the personalization.
This creates a problem for caching systems. To overcome this problem, a group of companies created ESI. In peer-to-peer P2P content-delivery networks, clients provide resources as well as use them. This means that unlike client-server systems, the content centric networks can actually perform better as more users begin to access the content especially with protocols such as Bittorrent that require users to share. This property is one of the major advantages of using P2P networks because it makes the setup and running costs very small for the original content distributor.
If content owners are not satisfied with the options or costs of a commercial CDN service, they can create their own CDN. This is called a private CDN. These POPs can be caching servers, [13] reverse proxies or application delivery controllers.
Large content distribution networks may even build and setup their own private network to distribute copies of content across cache locations.
Since the same content has to be distributed across many locations, a variety of multicasting techniques may be used to reduce bandwidth consumption. Over private networks, it has also been proposed to select multicast trees according to network load conditions to more efficiently utilize available network capacity. The rapid growth of streaming video traffic [20] uses large capital expenditures by broadband providers [21] in order to meet this demand and to retain subscribers by delivering a sufficiently good quality of experience.
To address this, telecommunications service providers TSPs have begun to launch their own content delivery networks as a means to lessen the demands on the network backbone and to reduce infrastructure investments. Because they own the networks over which video content is transmitted, telco CDNs have advantages over traditional CDNs.
They own the last mile and can deliver content closer to the end user because it can be cached deep in their networks. This deep caching minimizes the distance that video data travels over the general Internet and delivers it more quickly and reliably.
In addition, by operating their own content delivery infrastructure, telco operators have a better control over the utilization of their resources. Content management operations performed by CDNs are usually applied without or with very limited information about the network e. These pose a number of challenges for the telco-operators which have a limited sphere of actions in face of the impact of these operations on the utilization of their resources. In contrast, the deployment of telco-CDNs allow operators to implement their own content management operations, [22] [23] which enables them to have better control over the utilization of their resources and, as such, provide better quality of service and experience to their end users.
In June , StreamingMedia. This way, telcos are building a Federated CDN offering, which is more interesting for a content provider willing to deliver its content to the aggregated audience of this federation. It is likely that in a near future, other telco CDN federations will be created. They will grow by enrollment of new telcos joining the federation and bringing network presence and their Internet subscriber bases to the existing ones. In August , a global consortium of leading Internet service providers led by Google announced their official implementation of the edns-client-subnet IETF Internet-Draft, [25] which is intended to accurately localize DNS resolution responses.
Generally speaking, all Internet service providers can provide a content delivery network. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Internap Pando Networks Rawflow. Retrieved 22 September Architecture, Protocols, and Practice. The International Conference on Data Engineering. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications. In Boutaba, Raouf et al. Uses authors parameter link CS1 maint: Facebook's new long-haul network". Retrieved October 27, Explicit use of et al. Retrieved July 26, Retrieved January 23, Dan Rayburn - StreamingMediaBlog.
Retrieved 9 September E-book digital distribution platforms. Sony Reader Oyster Pronoun. Music digital distribution platforms. Digital library Music download Online music store Streaming media. Music Unlimited Zune Marketplace. Software distribution platforms and content delivery networks. Games Zune Marketplace Zylom. Video digital distribution platforms. Digital library Streaming media Video on demand. Retrieved from " https: Computer networking Applications of distributed computing Cloud storage Digital television Distributed algorithms Distributed data storage Distributed data storage systems File sharing File sharing networks Film and video technology Internet broadcasting Internet radio Internet television Multimedia Peer-to-peer computing Peercasting Streaming Streaming media systems Video hosting Video on demand services Online content distribution Content delivery networks.
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