We found 428 mp3s for eonbotfast reliable cryptocurrency trading bot new
50 comments
Neon yellow purse target
Profitable mining demands an independent, experienced, long term perspective that gives you real answers. How much do you have? Do you have a mine? What is the optimal design? SRK's experienced personnel and practical technology give you options and solutions. Our experience with all types of mining projects on every continent includes surface and underground mines, slope stability and strata control, rock engineering, heap leach processes, geosteering mining services llc , tailings disposal, acid rock drainage, waste engineering and environmental monitoring and management.
Our extensive experience from resource estimation through mine planning to mine decommissioning ensures innovative, cost effective and environmentally acceptable solutions from pre feasibility to site rehabilitation.
Existing operations benefit from our audits and engineering services. We will help you optimize head grades and increase tonnage, analyze and reduce risk and improve safety and manpower requirements. Our comprehensive reports help your board of geosteering mining services llc and technical staff to make informed business decisions. SRK professionals have strong operational and technical backgrounds and have gained substantial experience in mines employing a multitude of mining methods, exploiting all commodities on all continents.
These benefits ensure that our solutions and advice are not only practical and workable, but take account of appropriate geotechnical, hydrogeologicaleconomic. We have years of first-hand underground mine engineering and operating experience in most countries and across skopski liguori mining bitcoins commodities using all common mining methods.
As a global SRK group, we have specialist underground mining expertise to provide solutions for the unique features of each project. Based on this extensive experience, we. Understanding grade distribution and optimising mining selectivity through grade control is essential to achieving the mine plan. SRK has the expertise to implement, monitor, analyse and react to grade control data. This expertise allows the results to be reconciled against planned production and actual plant data. Minimising the difference between.
Commodity price and macro-economic assumptions are frequently required as input to our technical authoring and reviewing mandates which include: Technical studies requiring input for cut-off grade determination and optimisation analysis for Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve reporting; Benchmarking for comparative cost of production analysis; Financial Models for comparative assessments of. The present invention provides a more accurate and faster solid mineral mining by use of a rock avoidance system that applies a new methodology called geosteering to solid mineral mining.
Geosteering techniques have been used in oilfield applications as exemplified in U. With geosteering, the distance to the oilfield bed boundary is measured while in the formation, and the drill string is steered by direct measurements of the formation so that it stays in the mineral vein.
This technology has advanced to the point where horizontal wells in excess of one mile are routinely drilled. Further, these wells can now be drilled with the drill string staying in the reservoir formation throughout the horizontal section. Such geosteering for oilfield applications was recognized as an important new methodology and a substantial advance over directional drilling techniques exemplified by U.
In each application, the extent and profile of a solid mineral vein to be mined is not predictable. Indeed, the problem is more critical in coal mining than in oil well drilling, because the mining operation needs to be accurate to within inches compared to the accuracy of feet typically required in oil wells.
Guidance or pointing based on an inertial or gravity based reference system does not provide the intelligence needed to accurately make the next cut.
The control functions at any moment must be accomplished by signals from sensors that are measuring relevant parameters for the formation just ahead, where the cutting will occur. Directional control systems, such as horizon control, used in solid mineral mining have not produced the successes achieved with directional drilling in horizontal oil wells. Thus, implementation of geosteering to solid mineral mining represents an even greater opportunity for improvement than did the implementation of geosteering for drilling oil and gas wells.
The principle of geosteering for continuous miners is to keep the cutter moving between the boundaries of the coal vein and letting the continuous miner follow the cutter through the geologic formation.
Geosteering is more straightforward than conventional approaches, and is fundamentally simpler in concept. The actual profile of the tunnel being cut through the earth during mining, the vertical excursions of the tunnel, and the slope of the floor and roof of the tunnel are not primary the primary objective of geosteering.
These parameters can be derived from data acquired while performing geosteering, and may be of some interest, but such data are the consequence of geosteering rather than being the guide for cutting.
Coal is located in a formation between other materials, generally classified as rock. An example would be a coal seam having black marine shale at the roof and fire clay, another form of shale, at the floor.
In this example, the shale has a significantly higher level of natural radiation than the coal. As the shale radiation passes through the coal from the rock, it is attenuated. The thickness of the coal is reduced as a continuous miner removes the coal.
Reduction in the thickness of the coal results in less attenuation so that the gamma radiation reaching the detector increases as the coal is cut away.
At the point of contact between the cutter and the rock, there is no attenuation by coal and the gamma radiation is at a maximum. By measuring the rate at which the gamma radiation increases, the change in attenuation can be determined, and the thickness of the remaining coal can be calculated. Greater accuracy in the calculations is achieved by measuring the relative changes in gamma counts for various energy levels.
Quick response is required because the cutter of a continuous miner is moving rapidly toward the rock on each cut and should be stopped before reaching the rock. Since the cutter picks are on a rotating drum, the advancing face of the cutter is a curve. As the first picks along the centerline of the drum begin to enter the rock, bare rock is exposed and pieces of rock are cut away and dragged on top of the coal pile behind the cutter.
If the cutters actually enter the rock, it is desirable to immediately stop the advance of the cutter to save wear on the picks and avoid cutting undesirable rock. To achieve faster response and higher accuracy, curve-fitting techniques are employed by correlating the gamma measurements with incremental movements of the cutters. The system includes associated logic elements and algorithms. Geosteering, which relies primarily upon measurements of natural gamma radiation, can only be properly implemented by understanding the physics of the processes and physical phenomena involved in making and interpreting the gamma measurements.
Physical characteristics of the formations and their radiation properties are reviewed below. The logic elements included in the preferred embodiments have been created to accomplish the required decision-making, taking advantage of this understanding of the physics involved, within the confines of the protected environment provided within the rock detector. In a typical case, a discrete spectrum of gamma rays is produced by the radioactive decay of the trace elements.
These gamma rays are transported through the formation, losing energy through Compton scattering and possibly pair production , until they are finally photo-electrically absorbed.
Within the rock, an equilibrium spectrum is soon established reflecting a balance between the production of gamma rays in radioactive decays, the downscattering of gamma rays to lower energy, and the absorption of gamma rays through photoelectric absorption. When the flux enters the coal region, this equilibrium is upset. The production of gamma rays in coal is much lower, reflecting a significantly lower level of potassium, uranium, and thorium.
Since the higher energy regions of the radiation flux are not replenished, the spectrum shifts to lower energies as the gamma rays are down-scattered and decreases in magnitude as the gamma rays are absorbed. The inverse of this process is observed as coal is mined. First, the gamma flux is low in magnitude and energy, reflecting the extensive absorption by the thick layer of coal.
Then, as coal is removed, the magnitude of the flux increases, and the mean energy of the flux increases. A typical equilibrium spectrum for a homogeneous rock formation above and below a coal vein is shown in FIG. The broad peak at about kev is the down-scatter peak. Most of the gamma radiation under this peak has lost energy through Compton scattering. However, as gamma rays lose energy, their cross-section for photoelectric absorption increases.
This absorption results in the gamma radiation having the lower energy, producing the backscatter peak that is observed in FIG. The denominator in this formula shows the strong energy dependence of the cross-section, and explains the existence of the backscatter peak.
The numerator gives the dependence of the cross-section on the lithology of the formation. Using this convention, the photoelectric cross-section of coal is found to range from about 0. As a result, of this difference in the photoelectric cross-section, the down-scatter peak for the rock above and below the coal is at a higher energy than the down-scatter peak for coal. It is somewhat easier to visualize these parameters by starting with only rock and adding coal on top of the rock, as happens when steering the trailing shearing drum of a long-wall miner.
If the drum is raised, a thin layer of coal is added on top of the rock and the spectrum is shifted to lower energies. Gamma rays from the rock lose energy as they are Compton-scattered in the coal. The higher energy regions of the flux are not replenished, because the natural radioactivity of the coal is much lower than that of the rock.
As more coal is added, the gamma rays are shifted to sufficiently low energies to allow absorption to be a significant factor again. The reverse of this description then applies to the removal of coal by the cutters on a continuous miner. From the plots on FIG. Geosteering accomplishes the steering for solid mineral mining through direct measurements made on the formation in the region where the cutting is being performed.
Inertial reference systems, attitudinal reference systems or guidance systems are not required for geosteering. The steering is accomplished using rock detectors that follow the mineral formation. Conventional systems have been arranged primarily to track where the miner has been, and then attempts to adjust the direction and actions, and point the cutter based on what is learned during cutting.
Geosteering, in contrast, simply follows the mineral vein within the formation. Another preferred embodiment includes increasing the computational capabilities within the rock detector so as to be able to perform more complex calculations for making better cutting decisions. Statistical analyses are performed to determine the probable accuracy of the decisions made by the rock detector.
Data from this expanded capability supports higher level analyses. This is depicted in FIG. A typical measurement is depicted in FIG. It shows the counts measured in a time interval of 0.
This time interval is not unique but is given as a typical example. However, that is not an error. The measured data were sufficient to determine this change. This measurement will be added to the earlier measurements, the expanded set of measurements will be fitted, and a prediction will be made for the next cut. Also, the measurement can be used to extend the present cut to the newly measured boundary. Immediate use within a pass requires quick decision-making during the sweep down, since an entire sweep down can occur in just two or three seconds.
The processing capability described in this invention including PICs and a DSP have the speed and capability needed to determine the boundary in sufficient time to affect the cut.
An example of this would be the observed count rates as a function of the distance to the interface.