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What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century, achieving independence in as part of Gran Colombia, Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population, though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized, including Quichua and Shuar.
Cuenca, the third-largest city, was declared a World Heritage Site in as an outstanding example of a planned.
Ecuador has an economy that is highly dependent on commodities, namely petroleum. The country is classified as a medium-income country, Ecuador is a democratic presidential republic. It is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world, various peoples had settled in the area of the future Ecuador before the arrival of the Incas.
They developed different languages while emerging as unique ethnic groups, even though their languages were unrelated, these groups developed similar groups of cultures, each based in different environments. Over time these groups began to interact and intermingle with each other so that groups of families in one area became one community or tribe, with a similar language and culture.
Many civilizations arose in Ecuador, such as the Valdivia Culture and Machalilla Culture on the coast, the Quitus, each civilization developed its own distinctive architecture, pottery, and religious interests. Eventually, through wars and marriage alliances of their leaders, a group of nations formed confederations, one region consolidated under a confederation called the Shyris, which exercised organized trading and bartering between the different regions.
Its political and military came under the rule of the Duchicela blood-line. The native confederations that gave them the most problems were deported to distant areas of Peru, Bolivia, similarly, a number of loyal Inca subjects from Peru and Bolivia were brought to Ecuador to prevent rebellion.
Thus, the region of highland Ecuador became part of the Inca Empire in sharing the same language, in contrast, when the Incas made incursions into coastal Ecuador and the eastern Amazon jungles of Ecuador, they found both the environment and indigenous people more hostile.
Moreover, when the Incas tried to subdue them, these indigenous people withdrew to the interior, as a result, Inca expansion into the Amazon basin and the Pacific coast of Ecuador was hampered. The indigenous people of the Amazon jungle and coastal Ecuador remained relatively autonomous until the Spanish soldiers, the Amazonian people and the Cayapas of Coastal Ecuador were the only groups to resist Inca and Spanish domination, maintaining their language and culture well into the 21st century.
Acevedo Quiroz, a writer and poet from Quito. They had a son named Luis Galo Idrovo Acevedo, in the Municipality of Guayaquil awarded her the Medal for Literary Merit in recognition of her cultural and educational work. He was one of the exponents of Latin American poetry. He also had a practice for hypnotism, magnetism and suggestion. Since he traveled to Chile, Argentina, and Brazil and he died in Rio de Jainero in at 61 years old.
Adoum was Pablo Nerudas personal secretary for two years in Chile. In he traveled to Egypt, India, Japan and Israel, unable to return to Ecuador because of the military dictatorship of , he worked in the Popular Republic of China. From he worked in Beijing and then in Geneva and Paris, in he returned to his homeland. Adoum married Nicole Rouan from Gimel in and they first met in Geneva in when Nicole was an actress in the French-version of his new play El sol bajo las patas de los caballos. Hedeen, Adoums other works have not been translated into English yet.
As a teenager Jorge Enrique Adoum tried to join the Communist Party of Ecuador but was turned down because he was too young and he was a believer of communist ideology. Flor had six children with his wife Clorinda Sacoto, the central park of Portoviejo has borne his name since October 30,, and many educational institutions in Ecuador bear his name. A bust statue of Flor was placed in the park of Portoviejo in Aguirre wrote poems of varying topics, including religious, moral, and love poems.
He was the first in the group to excel as a modernist poet and he did not produce a lot of poetry, but the small amount of poetry he produced showed great quality. His father, Luis Felipe Borja Perez, sent him to Paris to treat a disease in his eye when he was just entering adolescence, Borja quickly mastered the French language. He longed for death, and committed suicide in Quito on November 13, when he was only 20 years old and he died of a morphine overdose.
They read this poetry in its language, by authors including Baudelaire, Hugo, Rimbaud. This group is called decapitada because all of them committed suicide at a young age, though they knew each other and dedicated poems to each other, they never met together to create a true literary group. Rosa Borja de Ycaza — Rosa Borja de Ycaza was an Ecuadorian writer, essayist, dramatist, sociologist, poet, novelist, feminist and activist.
She wrote songs and composed music, and in the Chamber Music Association of Buenos Aires awarded her first prize for some of her compositions with which she had competed and she created the Womens Legion of Popular Education. She was an advocate for rights and the rights of workers and employees. She married Alberto Icaza in in Guayaquil.
Jorge Carrera Andrade — Jorge Carrera Andrade was an Ecuadorian poet, historian, author, and diplomat during the 20th century. He was born in Quito, Ecuador in , from Carrera first experienced traveling in Europe. Carrera Andrades poetic work developed for half a century in a number of volumes published worldwide, in Obra poetica completa, which gathers the totality of his lyric work, appeared in Quito. Most of his poetry has been translated into French, English and he also published books of essays, history and an autobiography, El volcan y el colibri.
In the Republic of Ecuador celebrated the century of his birth, in the same year a group of Ecuadorian intellectuals gathered in Cuenca, Ecuador, to examine the life and work of Carrera Andrade. To The Oakland Bridge, tr. Poetry Poesia ultima, ed. Octavio Cordero Palacios writer — Octavio Cordero Palacios was an Ecuadorian writer, playwright, poet, mathematician, lawyer, professor and inventor.
Today a town and parish in Cuenca is named after him, octavio Cordero Palacios was born on May 3, His mother was Rosa Palacios Alvear, both of his parents were from Cuenca. In he premiered his play in three acts Gazul, whose scenes take place in Persia at the end of the First Crusade and his second play was Los Hijos de Atahualpa, and in he wrote the play Los Borrachos.
Also in he earned a doctorate in jurisprudence from the University of Cuenca, in he taught literature and philosophy at the Benigno Malo School. In during the conflict with Peru he joined the army reserves with the rank of Sergeant Major.
The device translated words from one language to another language, after his death, his cousin Humberto Cordero reconstructed the machine and exhibited it in Quito in The exhibit was a success, and the computer was hailed as a marvelous mechanical dictionary and he also invented a numerical device that calculated perfectly the square root of numbers, as well as a trigonometry text in verse.
In he was suffering from cirrhosis, as he had predicted, on exactly December 17, at 6,30 PM, he died while reciting the Ecuadorian National Anthem. He is interred in the Illustrious Personages Mausoleum plot in the Patrimonial Municipal Cemetery of Cuenca and he was married to Victoria Crespo Astudillo, with whom he had many children. Luis Costales — Luis Alberto Costales Cazar was an Ecuadorian poet, philosopher, teacher, speaker, historian, farmer and politician.
He was a poet and writer who extensively studied the history of his native city. His poetry, lyric and epic, often adhered to classical rhythm, metre and he was an idealist philosopher, whose philosophy was based on firm moral principles projected beyond time and space. Luis Alberto Costales was viewed as important in respect of his vocation for bringing up youth with high human. Here he came to know the people, spending much time with them doing farm work.
He joined in with family gatherings by candlelight, presided over by his father telling tales of the past as well as reading out classic novels. These experiences helped to form his personality, once, passing a nearby church on horseback, he first heard the tolling of a bell, and at his tender age he thought it was a divine manifestation, so he decided to write his first poem. His secondary education took place in the San Felipe Neri School of the same city, in he entered the Central University of Ecuador, in the city of Quito, joining the faculty of International Studies, in which he was appointed Vice President of the Student Association.
His time in Quito was spent in education and the cultivation of letters. After this he obtained his doctorate in International Law, his thesis was acclaimed, in the political field, about the year , he entered the ranks of the Radical Liberal Party, and was the Provincial Director for a period of eight consecutive years.
Around he served as campaign manager for Don Galo Plaza Lasso. Later, around , he served as campaign manager for his close friend Dr Andrew F. He had great interest in theory and was at the center of many political debates both within Ecuador and throughout Latin America.
Although he was a notable scientist and writer, he stands out as a polemicist who inspired the separatist movement in Quito and he is regarded as one of the most important figures in colonial Ecuador. He was Quitos first journalist and hygienist, Espejo was noted in his time for being a satirist. Because of these works he was persecuted and finally imprisoned shortly before his death, the Royal Audiencia of Quito was established as part of the Spanish State by Philip II of Spain on August 29, It was a court of the Spanish Crown with jurisdiction over certain territories of the Viceroyalty of Peru that now constitute Ecuador and parts of Peru, Colombia, the Royal Audiencia was created to strengthen administrative control over those territories and to rule the relations between whites and the natives.
Its capital was the city of Quito, by the 18th century, the Royal Audiencia of Quito began to have economic problems, a lack of roads led to limited communications. Obrajes—a type of textile factory—had provided jobs, but now found themselves in decline, mainly due to a crackdown on smuggled European cloths, obrajes were replaced by haciendas, and the dominant groups continued to exploit the indigenous population.
In the Royal Audiencia, the situation worsened after of the expulsion of the Jesuit priests. The majority of the population neither read nor wrote well, on the other hand, the few who could enter the university were given an education which was heavily theoretical and used memorization as the primary learning technique.
Scholasticism, which was in decline in these times, was taught. As a result, the people in Quito—most of whom were clerical—had affected manners when expressing themselves. Furthermore, in only two doctors were available in Quito, of which one was Espejo, the majority of people who fell ill were helped by curanderos.
In Quito at the time, ethnic prejudice was common, and therefore most people considered society to be divided into estates of the realm, because of this, a persons dignity and honor could be damaged by racial prejudices. A slackening of social customs occurred on all levels, extramarital relationships. Because poverty was on the rise—especially in the lower classes—many women were forced to find lodgings quickly, for example in convents and he was baptized Francisco Javier Eugenio de Santa Cruz y Espejo in the El Sagrario parish on February 21, Despite his familys somewhat unstable economic situation, Espejo had a good education and he instructed himself in medicine by working alongside his father at the Hospital de la Misericordia.
They all read this poetry in the language, by authors including Baudelaire, Hugo, Rimbaud. This group is called decapitada, or decapitated, because all of them committed suicide at a young age, though they knew each other and dedicated poems to each other, they never met together to create a true literary group. Since she resided in Ecuador, but flew extensively through the world, in , her Poem for My Mother won 2nd place in the annual Latin American poetry contest organized by the Casa de la Cultura in Long Beach, CA.
She is also a writer and has written childrens poems. She is a T. Her knowledge of Spanish, English, French, German, Italian and she has been a soprano and a talent for voice overs. Her poems in Spanish have been translated to English, Romanian, Bulgarian, Slovakian, the author was also awarded the Crystal Condor, top recognition granted to Ecuadorians that have excelled outside national borders, at a ceremony known as the Ecuadorian Achievement Awards.
This author was recognized with the Crystal Condor, top award given at the Ecuadorian Achievement Awards to an Ecuadorian who shines beyond the boundaries of Ecuador. Eres el comienzo y el final de mi poesia, premio Casa de la Cultura de Long Beach, Poetry book published in by Ecuadorian poet Karina Galvez and it contains English and Spanish versions of Galvez poems. Foreword for the book was written by Leon Roldos Aguilera, former vice-president of Ecuador, most poems are love poems, but poems about Guayaquil, California, and childrens poems were also included.
Gangotena moved to Paris at the age of 16 to complete his education, in Paris, Jules Supervielle, Max Jacob and Jean Cocteau, with whom he had strong ties of friendship, encouraged him to publish his poetry. He then accompanied Henri Michaux on a trip to Ecuadors Andes and Amazon, in Gangotena returned to Quito to oversee and administer his familys business as they had money problems due to the Great Depression. In he returned to France as the Secretary of the Ecuadorian Embassy, in he published his last book Tempestad Secreta, which contains his own translation of some of his poems from French to Spanish, and includes some poems written in Spanish.
The Guayaquil Group is considered a forerunner of magical realism, Gil Gilberto was a registered member of the Communist Party of Ecuador. He was persecuted for his socialist and militant ideas, and in , under the dictatorship of Federico Paez, Gil Gilberto spent fifteen months in prison under the government of the military junta of