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TypeScript is an open-source programming language developed and maintained by Microsoft. It is a strict syntactical superset of JavaScript , and adds optional static typing to the language. TypeScript is designed for development of large applications and transpile to JavaScript. TypeScript may be used to develop JavaScript applications for both client-side and server-side Node. This enables other programs to use the values defined in the files as if they were statically typed TypeScript entities.
TypeScript headers for the Node. It is licensed under the Apache 2 License. TypeScript is included as a first-class programming language in Microsoft Visual Studio Update 2 and later, beside C and other Microsoft languages. TypeScript was first made public in October at version 0. Simultaneously, the source code, which was initially hosted on CodePlex , was moved to GitHub.
On 22 September , TypeScript 2. TypeScript originated from the perceived shortcomings of JavaScript for the development of large-scale applications both at Microsoft and among their external customers. TypeScript developers sought a solution that would not break compatibility with the standard and its cross-platform support. Knowing that the current ECMAScript standard proposal promised future support for class-based programming , TypeScript was based on that proposal.
That led to a JavaScript compiler with a set of syntactical language extensions, a superset based on the proposal, that transforms the extensions into regular JavaScript. A unique aspect not in the proposal, but added to TypeScript, is optional static typing [27] that enables static language analysis, which facilitates tooling and IDE support. TypeScript adds support for features such as classes, modules and an arrow function syntax as proposed in the ECMAScript standard.
Syntactically, TypeScript is very similar to JScript. NET , another Microsoft implementation of the ECMA language standard that added support for static typing and classical object-oriented language features such as classes, inheritance, interfaces, and namespaces. TypeScript provides static typing through type annotations to enable type checking at compile time. This is optional and can be ignored to use the regular dynamic typing of JavaScript.
The annotations for the primitive types are number , boolean and string. Weakly- or dynamically-typed structures are of type any. Type annotations can be exported to a separate declarations file to make type information available for TypeScript scripts using types already compiled into JavaScript. Annotations can be declared for an existing JavaScript library, as has been done for Node.
The TypeScript compiler makes use of type inference to infer types when types are not given. For example, the add method in the code above would be inferred as returning a number even if no return type annotation had been provided. This is based on the static types of left and right being numbers , and the compiler's knowledge that the result of adding two numbers is always a number. However, explicitly declaring the return type allows the compiler to verify correctness.
If no type can be inferred because of lack of declarations, then it defaults to the dynamic any type. A value of the any type supports the same operations as a value in JavaScript and minimal static type checking is performed for operations on any values. When a TypeScript script gets compiled there is an option to generate a declaration file with the extension. In the process the compiler strips away all function and method bodies and preserves only the signatures of the types that are exported.
The resulting declaration file can then be used to describe the exported virtual TypeScript types of a JavaScript library or module when a third-party developer consumes it from TypeScript. Type declaration files can be written by hand for existing JavaScript libraries, as has been done for jQuery and Node.
A command-line utility called typings is provided to help search. TypeScript supports generic programming. CMake is an open-source, cross-platform family of tools designed to build, test and package software. CMake is used to control the software compilation process using simple platform and compiler independent configuration files, and generate native makefiles and workspaces that can be used in the compiler environment of your choice.
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