Bitcoin video card rankings 2016

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A graphics processing unit GPU is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device. GPUs are used in embedded systemsmobile phonespersonal computersworkstationsand game consoles.

Modern GPUs are very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image processingand their highly parallel structure makes them more efficient than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where the processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel.

Arcade system boards have been using specialized graphics chips since the s. In early video game hardware, the RAM for frame buffers was expensive, so video chips composited data together as the display was being scanned out on the monitor. Fujitsu 's MB video shifter was used to accelerate the drawing of sprite graphics for various s arcade games from Taito and Midwaysuch as Gun FightSea Wolf and Space Invaders In the home market, the Atari in used a video shifter called the Television Interface Adaptor.

It became one of the best known of what were known as graphics processing units in the s. The Williams Electronics arcade games RobotronJoustSinistarand Bubblesall released incontain custom blitter chips for operating on color bitmaps. Inthe Commodore Amiga featured a custom graphics chip, with a blitter unit accelerating bitmap manipulation, line draw, and area fill functions. Also included is a coprocessor commonly referred to as "The Copper" with its own primitive instruction set, capable of manipulating graphics hardware registers in sync with the video beam e.

InTexas Instruments released the TMSthe first microprocessor with on-chip graphics capabilities. It could run general-purpose code, but it had a very graphics-oriented instruction set. Inthe IBM graphics system was released as one of [ vague ] the first video cards for IBM PC bitcoin video card rankings 2016 to implement fixed-function 2D primitives in electronic hardware. The same year, Sharp released the Xbitcoin video card rankings 2016 used a custom graphics chipset [19] that was powerful for a home computer at the time, with a 65, color palette and hardware support for sprites, scrolling and multiple playfields, [20] eventually serving as a development machine for Capcom 's CP System arcade bitcoin video card rankings 2016.

Fujitsu later competed with the FM Towns computer, released in with support for a full 16, color palette. Inthe first dedicated polygonal 3D graphics boards were introduced in arcades with the Namco System 21 [22] and Taito Air System. InS3 Graphics introduced the S3 86Cwhich its designers named after the Porsche as an indication of the performance increase it promised. Throughout the s, 2D GUI acceleration continued to evolve. As manufacturing capabilities improved, so did the level of integration of graphics chips.

Additional application programming interfaces APIs arrived for a variety of tasks, such as Microsoft's WinG graphics library for Windows 3.

In the early- and mids, real-time 3D graphics were becoming increasingly common in arcade, computer and console games, which led to an increasing public demand for hardware-accelerated 3D graphics. Early examples of mass-market 3D graphics hardware can be found in arcade system boards such as the Sega Model 1Namco System 22and Sega Model 2and the fifth-generation video game consoles such as the SaturnPlayStation and Nintendo These chips were essentially previous-generation 2D accelerators with 3D features bolted on.

Many were even pin-compatible with the earlier-generation chips for ease of implementation and minimal cost. Initially, performance 3D graphics were possible only with discrete boards dedicated to accelerating 3D functions and lacking 2D GUI acceleration entirely such as the PowerVR and the 3dfx Voodoo.

However, as manufacturing technology continued to progress, video, 2D GUI acceleration and 3D functionality were all integrated into one chip. Rendition's Verite chipsets were among the first to do this well enough to be worthy of note. This card, designed to reduce the load placed upon the system's CPU, never made it to market. OpenGL appeared in the early '90s as a professional graphics API, but originally suffered from performance issues which allowed the Glide API to step in and become a dominant force on the PC in the late '90s.

Software implementations of OpenGL were common bitcoin video card rankings 2016 this time, although the influence of OpenGL eventually led to widespread hardware support. Over time, a parity emerged between features offered in hardware and those offered in OpenGL. DirectX became popular among Windows game developers during the late 90s. Unlike OpenGL, Microsoft insisted on providing strict one-to-one support of hardware. The approach made DirectX less popular as a standalone graphics API initially, since many GPUs provided their own specific features, which existing OpenGL applications were already able to benefit from, leaving DirectX often one generation behind.

Over time, Microsoft began to work more closely with hardware developers, and started to target the releases of DirectX to coincide with those of the supporting graphics hardware. Hardware transform and lighting, both already existing features of OpenGL, came to consumer-level hardware in the '90s and set the precedent for later pixel shader and vertex shader units which were far more flexible and programmable.

Nvidia was first to produce a chip capable of programmable shadingthe GeForce 3 code named NV Each pixel could now be processed by a short "program" that could include additional image textures as inputs, and each geometric vertex could likewise be processed by a short program before it was projected onto the screen.

It is interesting to note that the earliest incarnations of shader execution engines used in Xbox were not general purpose and could not execute arbitrary pixel code. Vertices and pixels were processed by different units which had their own resources with pixel shaders having much tighter constraints being as they are executed at much higher frequencies than with vertices.

Pixel shading engines were actually more akin to a highly customizable function bitcoin video card rankings 2016 and didn't really "run" a program. Many of these disparities between vertex and pixel shading wouldn't be addressed until much later with the Unified Shader Model. Pixel shading is often used for bump mappingwhich adds texture, to make an object look shiny, dull, rough, or even round or extruded. With the introduction of the GeForce 8 serieswhich was produced by Nvidia, bitcoin video card rankings 2016 then new generic stream processing unit GPUs became a more generalized computing device.

Today, parallel GPUs have begun making computational inroads against the CPU, and a subfield of research, dubbed GPU Computing or GPGPU for General Purpose Computing on GPUhas found its way into fields as diverse as machine learning[38] oil explorationscientific image processinglinear algebra[39] statistics[40] 3D reconstruction and even stock options pricing determination.

GPGPU at the time was the precursor to what we now call compute shaders e. CUDA, OpenCL, DirectCompute and actually abused the hardware to a degree by treating the data passed to algorithms as texture maps and executing algorithms by drawing a triangle or quad with an appropriate pixel shader.

This obviously entails some overheads since we involve units bitcoin video card rankings 2016 the Scan Converter where they aren't really needed nor do we even care about the bitcoin video card rankings 2016, except to invoke the pixel shader.

Over the bitcoin video card rankings 2016, the energy consumption of GPUs has increased and to manage it, several techniques have been proposed. More recently OpenCL has become broadly supported. InNvidia began a partnership with Audi to power their cars' dashboards. These Tegra GPUs were powering the cars' dashboard, offering increased functionality to cars' navigation and entertainment systems.

A new feature in this new GPU microarchitecture included GPU boost, a technology adjusts the clock-speed of a video card to increase or decrease it according to its power draw. The GeForce 10 series of cards are under this generation of graphics cards. Changes from the Titan XP, Pascal's high-end card, include an increase in the number of CUDA cores, the addition of tensor cores, and high-bandwidth memory. Tensor cores are cores specially designed for deep learning, while high-bandwidth memory is on-die, stacked, lower-clocked memory that offers an extremely wide memory bus that is useful for the Titan V's intended purpose.

Their release results in a substantial increase in the performance per watt of AMD video cards. Many companies have produced GPUs under a number of brand names.

However, those numbers include Intel's integrated graphics solutions as GPUs. Modern GPUs use most of their transistors to do calculations related to 3D computer graphics. GPUs were initially used to accelerate the memory-intensive work of texture mapping and rendering polygons, later adding units to accelerate geometric calculations such as the rotation and translation of vertices into different coordinate systems.

Recent developments in GPUs include support for programmable shaders which can manipulate vertices and textures with many of the same operations supported by CPUsoversampling and bitcoin video card rankings 2016 techniques to reduce aliasingand very high-precision color spaces.

Because most of these computations involve matrix and vector operations, engineers and scientists bitcoin video card rankings 2016 increasingly studied the use of GPUs for non-graphical calculations; they are especially suited to other embarrassingly parallel problems.

With the emergence of deep learning, the importance of GPUs has increased. In a research done by Indigo, it was found that while training a deep learning neural networks, GPUs can be times faster than CPUs. That's a difference between one day of training and almost 8 months and 10 days of training.

The explosive growth of Deep Learning in recent years has been attributed to the emergence of general purpose GPUs. As AI applications mature, data for training models is not necessarily ordered in the neat, array-based, data that GPUs bitcoin video card rankings 2016 best at handling, so FPGAs are also used for rapidly processing repetitive functions. This process of hardware accelerated video decodingwhere portions of the video decoding process and video post-processing are offloaded to the GPU hardware, is commonly referred to as "GPU accelerated video decoding", "GPU assisted video decoding", "GPU hardware accelerated video decoding" or "GPU hardware assisted video decoding".

More recent graphics cards even decode high-definition video on the card, offloading the central processing unit. In personal computers, there are two main forms of GPUs.

Each has many synonyms: The GPUs of the most powerful class typically bitcoin video card rankings 2016 with the motherboard by means of an expansion slot such as PCI Express PCIe or Accelerated Graphics Port AGP and can usually be replaced or upgraded with relative ease, assuming the motherboard is capable of supporting the upgrade.

Bitcoin video card rankings 2016 dedicated GPU is not necessarily removable, nor does it necessarily interface bitcoin video card rankings 2016 the motherboard in a standard fashion. The term "dedicated" refers to the fact that dedicated graphics cards have RAM that is dedicated to the card's use, not to the fact that most dedicated GPUs are removable. Dedicated GPUs for portable computers are most commonly interfaced through a non-standard and often proprietary slot due to size bitcoin video card rankings 2016 weight constraints.

Such ports may still bitcoin video card rankings 2016 considered PCIe or AGP in terms of their logical host interface, even if they are not physically interchangeable with their counterparts.

Integrated graphicsshared graphics solutionsintegrated graphics processors IGP or bitcoin video card rankings 2016 memory architecture UMA utilize a portion of a computer's system RAM rather than dedicated graphics memory. This is a separate fixed block of high performance memory that is dedicated for use by the GPU. Historically, integrated processing was often considered unfit to play 3D games or run graphically intensive programs bitcoin video card rankings 2016 could run less bitcoin video card rankings 2016 programs such as Adobe Flash.

As a GPU is extremely memory intensive, integrated processing bitcoin video card rankings 2016 find itself competing with the CPU for the relatively slow system RAM, as it has minimal or no dedicated video memory. IGPs can have up to This bandwidth is what is referred to as the memory bus and can be performance limiting. This newer class of GPUs competes with integrated graphics in the low-end desktop bitcoin video card rankings 2016 notebook markets.

Hybrid graphics cards are somewhat more expensive than integrated graphics, but much less expensive than dedicated graphics cards. These share memory with the system and have a small dedicated memory cache, to make up for the high latency of the system RAM. Technologies within PCI Express can make this possible. While these solutions are sometimes advertised as having as much as MB of RAM, this refers to how much can be shared with the system memory.

It is becoming increasingly common to use a general purpose graphics processing unit GPGPU as a modified form of stream processor or a vector processorrunning compute kernels. This concept turns the massive computational power of a modern graphics accelerator's shader pipeline into general-purpose computing power, as opposed to being hard wired solely to do graphical operations. In certain applications requiring massive vector operations, this can yield several orders of magnitude higher performance than a conventional CPU.

The two largest discrete see " Dedicated graphics cards " above GPU designers, AMD and Nvidiaare beginning to pursue this approach with an array of applications. In certain circumstances the GPU calculates forty times faster than the conventional CPUs traditionally used by such applications.

GPGPU can be used for many types of embarrassingly parallel tasks including ray tracing. They are generally suited to high-throughput type computations that exhibit data-parallelism to exploit the bitcoin video card rankings 2016 vector width SIMD architecture of the GPU.

Furthermore, GPU-based high performance computers are starting to play a significant role in large-scale modelling. Three of the 10 bitcoin video card rankings 2016 powerful supercomputers in the world take advantage of GPU acceleration. These technologies allow specified functions called compute kernels from a normal C program to bitcoin video card rankings 2016 on the GPU's stream processors.

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A video card also called a display card , graphics card , display adapter or graphics adapter is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display such as a computer monitor. Frequently, these are advertised as discrete or dedicated graphics cards, emphasizing the distinction between these and integrated graphics.

At the core of both is the graphics processing unit GPU , which is the main part that does the actual computations, but should not be confused as the video card as a whole, although "GPU" is often used to refer to video cards. Most video cards are not limited to simple display output. Their integrated graphics processor can perform additional processing, removing this task from the central processor of the computer. Usually the graphics card is made in the form of a printed circuit board expansion board and inserted into an expansion slot, universal or specialized AGP, PCI Express.

Now the majority of modern video cards are built with either AMD -sourced or Nvidia -sourced graphics chips. Graphics cards weren't very useful for early computers, since they didn't have the capability to run graphic-based games or high-resolution videos as modern computers do now.

Early computers had very little processing power with the on-board integration compared to today's systems.

The graphics cards on these earlier systems ran at significantly lower power consumption, but at very low 2D performance. You would often be able to see the refresh rate of the monitor compared to today's high refresh rate monitors powered by Nvidia and AMD's new architectures.

Within the industry, video cards are sometimes called graphics add-in-boards , abbreviated as AIB s, [5] with the word "graphics" usually omitted. As an alternative to the use of a video card, video hardware can be integrated into the motherboard , CPU , or a system-on-chip. Both approaches can be called integrated graphics. Motherboard-based implementations are sometimes called "on-board video". The ability to disable the integrated graphics sometimes also allows the continued use of a motherboard on which the on-board video has failed.

Sometimes both the integrated graphics and a dedicated graphics card can be used simultaneously to feed separate displays.

The main advantages of integrated graphics include cost, compactness, simplicity and low energy consumption. The performance disadvantage of integrated graphics arises because the graphics processor shares system resources with the CPU. A dedicated graphics card has its own random access memory RAM , its own cooling system, and dedicated power regulators, with all components designed specifically for processing video images. Upgrading to a dedicated graphics card offloads work from the CPU and system RAM, so not only will graphics processing be faster, but the computer's overall performance may also improve.

As the processing power of video cards has increased, so has their demand for electrical power. Current high-performance video cards tend to consume a great deal of power. Providing adequate cooling becomes a challenge in such computers. Computers with multiple video cards may need power supplies in the — W range. Heat extraction becomes a major design consideration for computers with two or more high-end video cards.

Video cards for desktop computers come in one of two size profiles, which can allow a graphics card to be added even to small-sized PCs. Some video cards are not of usual size, and are thus categorized as being low profile. This can be fixed with a larger case that comes in sizes like mid tower and full tower. The larger the case, the larger the motherboard, the larger the graphics card or multiple other components that will acquire case real-estate. Some graphics cards can be linked together to allow scaling of the graphics processing across multiple cards.

This is done using either the PCIe bus on the motherboard, or, more commonly, a data bridge. Generally, the cards must be of the same model to be linked, and most low power cards are not able to be linked in this way. Cards from different chipset manufacturers, architectures cannot be used together for multi card scaling. If a graphics card has different sizes of memory, the lowest value will be used, with the higher values being disregarded.

Currently, scaling on consumer grade cards can be done using up to four cards. Nvidia's GeForce GTX video card has the ability to be configured in this four card configuration. Power demands must be known before a proper supply is installed. Video cards require a well vented chassis and thermal solution.

Water or air cooling are required for all video cards, with larger configurations needing water solutions to achieve proper performance. A graphics driver usually supports one or multiple cards by the same vendor, and has to be specifically written for an operating system. Additionally, the operating system or an extra software package may provide certain programming APIs for applications to perform 3D rendering.

In the third quarter of , AMD had a In economics, this industry structure is termed a duopoly. Intel's move to APUs may weaken AMD, which until now has derived a significant portion of its revenue from graphics components. As of the second quarter of , there were 52 AIB suppliers. Several AIB suppliers are also motherboard suppliers.

Video card shipments peaked at a total of million in By contrast, they totalled The sales of video cards have trended downward due to improvements in integrated graphics technologies; high-end, CPU-integrated graphics are able to provide performance competitive with low-end video cards. At the same time, video card sales have grown within the high-end segment, as manufacturers have shifted their focus to prioritize the gaming and enthusiast market.

Beyond the gaming and multimedia segments, video cards have been increasingly used for general-purpose computing , such as big data processing. In January , mid-to-high-end video cards experienced a major surge in price, with many retailers having stock shortages due to the significant demand among this market. A modern video card consists of a printed circuit board on which the components are mounted.

A graphics processing unit GPU , also occasionally called visual processing unit VPU , is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the building of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display. Because of the large degree of programmable computational complexity for such a task, a modern video card is also a computer unto itself. A heat sink is mounted on most modern graphics cards.

A heat sink spreads out the heat produced by the graphics processing unit evenly throughout the heat sink and unit itself. The heat sink commonly has a fan mounted as well to cool the heat sink and the graphics processing unit. Not all cards have heat sinks, for example, some cards are liquid cooled, and instead have a waterblock; additionally, cards from the s and early s did not produce much heat, and did not require heatsinks.

Most modern graphics cards need a proper thermal solution. This can be the liquid solution or heatsinks with an additional connected heat pipe usually made of copper for the best thermal transfer.

It should also be noted that the correct case; either Mid-tower or Full-tower or some other derivative, has to be properly configured for thermal management. This can be ample space with proper push pull or opposite configuration as well as liquid with a radiator either in lieu or with a fan setup. The video BIOS or firmware contains a minimal program for initial set up and control of the video card.

It may contain information on the memory timing, operating speeds and voltages of the graphics processor, RAM, and other details which can sometimes be changed. The usual reason for doing this is to overclock the video card to allow faster video processing speeds, however, this has the potential to irreversibly damage the card with the possibility of cascaded damage to the motherboard. The modern Video BIOS does not support all the functions of the video card, being only sufficient to identify and initialize the card to display one of a few frame buffer or text display modes.

It does not support YUV to RGB translation, video scaling, pixel copying, compositing or any of the multitude of other 2D and 3D features of the video card. Around , the video memory was typically based on DDR technology. Video memory may be used for storing other data as well as the screen image, such as the Z-buffer , which manages the depth coordinates in 3D graphics , textures , vertex buffers , and compiled shader programs.

The RAMDAC , or random-access-memory digital-to-analog converter, converts digital signals to analog signals for use by a computer display that uses analog inputs such as cathode ray tube CRT displays.

Depending on the number of bits used and the RAMDAC-data-transfer rate, the converter will be able to support different computer-display refresh rates. These require a RAMDAC, but they reconvert the analog signal back to digital before they can display it, with the unavoidable loss of quality stemming from this digital-to-analog-to-digital conversion. Some problems of this standard are electrical noise , image distortion and sampling error in evaluating pixels.

Today, the VGA analog interface is used for high definition video including p and higher. While the VGA transmission bandwidth is high enough to support even higher resolution playback, there can be picture quality degradation depending on cable quality and length. Digital-based standard designed for displays such as flat-panel displays LCDs , plasma screens, wide high-definition television displays and video projectors.

It avoids image distortion and electrical noise, corresponding each pixel from the computer to a display pixel, using its native resolution. Included to allow connection with televisions , DVD players , video recorders and video game consoles. The interface is primarily used to connect a video source to a display device such as a computer monitor , though it can also be used to transmit audio, USB, and other forms of data. Backward compatibility to VGA and DVI by using adapter dongles enables consumers to use DisplayPort fitted video sources without replacing existing display devices.

Although DisplayPort has a greater throughput of the same functionality as HDMI , it is expected to complement the interface, not replace it. In the following table is a comparison between a selection of the features of some of those interfaces.

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