2 bit ripple counter using jk latch

Asynchronous Counters

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A counter circuit is usually constructed of a number of flip-flops connected in cascade. Counters are a very widely used component in digital circuitsand are manufactured as separate integrated circuits and also incorporated as parts of larger integrated circuits. In electronicscounters can be implemented quite easily using 2 bit ripple counter using jk latch circuits such as the 2 bit ripple counter using jk latchand a wide variety of classified into:.

Each is useful for different applications. Usually, counter circuits are digital in nature, and count in natural binary. Many types of counter circuits are available as digital building blocks, for example a number of chips in the series implement different counters.

Occasionally there are advantages to using a counting sequence other than the natural binary sequence—such as the binary coded decimal counter, a linear-feedback shift register counter, or a Gray-code counter. Counters are useful for digital clocks and timers, and in oven timers, VCR clocks, etc.

An asynchronous ripple counter is a single d-type flip-flopwith its J data input fed from its own inverted output. This circuit can store one bit, and hence can count from zero to one before it overflows starts over from 0.

This counter will increment once for every clock cycle and takes two clock cycles to overflow, so every cycle it will alternate between a transition from 0 to 1 and a transition from 1 to 0. If this output is then used as the clock signal for a similarly arranged D flip-flop remembering to invert the output to the inputone will get another 1 bit counter that counts half as 2 bit ripple counter using jk latch. Putting them together yields a two-bit counter:. You can continue to add additional flip-flops, always inverting the output to its own input, and using the output from the previous flip-flop as the clock signal.

The result is called a ripple counter, which can count to 2 n - 1 where n is the number of bits flip-flop stages in the counter.

Ripple counters suffer from unstable outputs as the overflows "ripple" from stage to stage, but they do find frequent application as dividers for clock signals, where the instantaneous count is unimportant, but the division ratio overall is to clarify this, a 1-bit counter is exactly equivalent to a divide by two circuit; the output frequency is exactly half that of the input when fed 2 bit ripple counter using jk latch a regular train of clock pulses.

The use of flip-flop outputs as clocks leads to timing skew between the count data bits, making this ripple technique incompatible with normal synchronous circuit design styles. In synchronous counters, the clock inputs of all the flip-flops are connected together and are triggered by the input pulses.

Thus, all the flip-flops change state simultaneously in parallel. The circuit below is a 4-bit synchronous counter. A simple way of implementing the logic for each bit of an ascending counter which is what is depicted in the adjacent image is for each bit to toggle when all of the less significant bits are at a logic high state. For example, bit 1 toggles when bit 0 is logic high; bit 2 toggles when both bit 1 and bit 0 are logic high; bit 3 toggles when bit 2, bit 1 and bit 0 are all high; and so on.

Synchronous counters can also be implemented with hardware finite-state machineswhich are more complex but allow for smoother, more stable transitions. A decade counter is one that counts in decimal digits, rather than binary. A decade counter may have each that is, it may count in binary-coded decimalas the integrated circuit did or other binary encodings.

An ordinary four-stage counter can be easily modified to a decade counter by adding a NAND gate as in the schematic to the right. It counts from 0 to 9 and then resets to zero.

The counter output can be set to zero by pulsing the reset line low. The count then increments on each clock pulse until it reaches decimal 9. When it increments to decimal 10 both inputs of the NAND gate go high. The 2 bit ripple counter using jk latch is that the 2 bit ripple counter using jk latch output goes low, and resets the counter to zero.

A ring counter is a circular shift register which 2 bit ripple counter using jk latch initiated such that only one of its flip-flops is the state one while others are in their zero states. A ring counter is a shift register a cascade connection of flip-flops with the output of the last one connected to the input of the first, that is, in a ring.

Typically, a pattern consisting of a single bit is circulated so the state repeats every n clock cycles if n flip-flops are used. These counters find specialist applications, including those similar to the decade counter, digital-to-analog conversion, etc.

They can be implemented easily using D- or JK-type flip-flops. In computability theorya counter is considered a type of memory. A counter stores a single natural number initially zero and can be arbitrarily long. A counter is usually considered in conjunction 2 bit ripple counter using jk latch a finite-state machine FSMwhich can perform the following operations on the counter:.

The following machines are listed in order of power, with each one being strictly more powerful than the one below it:. For the first and last, it doesn't matter whether the FSM is a deterministic finite automaton or a nondeterministic finite automaton. They have the same power.

The first two and the last one are levels of the Chomsky hierarchy. The first machine, an FSM plus two counters, is equivalent in power to a Turing machine. See the article on counter machines for a proof. A web counter or hit counter is a computer software program that indicates the number of visitors, or hits, a particular webpage has received. Once set up, these counters will be incremented by one every time the web page is accessed in a web browser.

The number is usually displayed as an inline digital image or in plain text or on a physical counter such as a mechanical counter. Images may be presented in a variety of fontsor styles; the classic example is the wheels of an odometer. Web counter was popular in the mid to late s and early s, later replaced by more detailed and complete web traffic measures. Many automation systems use PC and laptops to monitor different parameters of machines and 2 bit ripple counter using jk latch data.

Counters may count parameters such as the number of pieces produced, the production batch number, and measurements of the amounts of material used. Long before electronics became common, mechanical devices were used to count events. These are known as tally counters. They typically consist of a series of disks mounted on an axle, with the digits 0 through 9 marked on their edge. The right most disk moves one increment with each event. Each disk except the left-most has a protrusion that, after the completion of one revolution, moves the next disk to the left one increment.

Such counters were used as odometers for bicycles and cars and in tape recordersfuel dispensersin production machinery as well as in other machinery. One of the largest manufacturers was the Veeder-Root company, and their name was often used for this type of counter. Hand held tally counters are used mainly for stocktaking and for counting people attending events.

Electromechanical counters were used to accumulate totals in tabulating machines that pioneered the data processing industry. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the term counter used in electronics, computing, and mechanical counting devices.

For other uses, see Counter disambiguation. The Art of Electronics. Modern Dictionary of Electronics. Retrieved from " https: Numeral systems Digital circuits Unary operations.

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A counter is a sequential logic circuit that goes through a prescribed sequence of states upon the application of input pulses. The prescribed sequence can be a binary sequence or any other sequence. A counter that goes through 2 N N is the number of flip-flops in the series states is called a binary counter. The modulus of a counter is the number of different states it is allowed to have. Counters are very widely used in almost all computers and other digital electronic systems.

There are two major categories of counters: Counters arranged so that the output of one flip-flop generates the clock input of the next higher stage are generally called asynchronous counters or ripple counter. In other words, in asynchronous counters, the CLK inputs of all flip-flops except the first one are triggered not by the incoming pulses but rather by the transition that occurs in other flip-flops.

Therefore, the change of state of a particular flip-flop is dependent upon the present state of other flip-flops. When a transition from, say, to occurs, the one-to-zero transition of the low-order three bits ripples from bit to bit. Since each flip-flop has a non-zero propagation delay, ripple counters are relatively slow. Therefore, an upper limit on the number of flip-flops in the flip-flop chain ought to be imposed. Synchronous counters eliminate the cumulative flip-flop delay seen in ripple counter.

Each flip-flop is clocked by the same clock signal. Each gate selectively controls when each more significant bit flip-flop is to change state toggle on the next clock transition. Such control enable can be realized by setting, for example, the J and K inputs of a J-K flip-flop. Because of this control, the addition of a common clock will synchronize data transfer and all flip-flops will change state simultaneously.

The important feature of a synchronous counter is that the transitions of the individual flip-flops are synchronized to a master clock signal. J-K flip-flops are normally used in the synchronous counters due to the enabling controlling feature of the J and K inputs.

There are two basic schemes for generating the J and K inputs. One of them is illustrated in the four-bit binary counter shown in Fig. Notice that the information to the J-K inputs is formed in a parallel fashion. The counter is accordingly termed as synchronous parallel counter. In the parallel scheme the number of inputs to each AND gate increases linearly with the number of stages. For this added expense one gets the fastest possible synchronous counting circuit.

If the J-K input information is formed from the output of the AND gate in the previous stage, one has a synchronous serial counter. Although the serial scheme is slower than the parallel scheme, the number of inputs to the AND gate per stage is constant in the serial case two inputs per stage. Connect the count-up ripple counter shown in Fig. Set data switch SW1 from logic 0 to logic 1 clear all flip-flops. Now connect CLK to a pulse generator in your pencil box J-K flip-flops in 74LS76 are negative edge triggered and start counting by pushing the pulser button.

Continue the process and record the output of each transition in a truth table. Does it count correctly? We can convert the count-up ripple counter to a count-down ripple counter by connecting the clock of the flip-flops to Q instead of Q the LEDs are still connected to Q.

Make the modification and try out the circuit. Connect the 4-bit synchronous parallel counter as shown in Fig. Repeat the same procedures in the ripple counter experiment. From the transition table of the counter and the excitation table of the J-K flip flop, verify that the J-K inputs to the flip flops are correct.

Estimate the highest possible clock frequency for all 4-bit counters in this experiment with the data supplied by the Data Book. Introduction A counter is a sequential logic circuit that goes through a prescribed sequence of states upon the application of input pulses. Asynchronous Counters Counters arranged so that the output of one flip-flop generates the clock input of the next higher stage are generally called asynchronous counters or ripple counter.

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