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The maker culture is a contemporary culture or subculture representing a technology-based extension of DIY culture [ citation needed ] that intersects with hacker culture which is less concerned with physical objects as it focuses on software and revels in the creation of new devices as well as tinkering with existing ones.
The maker culture in general supports open-source hardware. Typical interests enjoyed by the maker culture include engineering-oriented pursuits such as electronics , robotics , 3-D printing , and the use of Computer Numeric Control tools, as well as more traditional activities such as metalworking , woodworking , and, mainly, its predecessor, the traditional arts and crafts.
The subculture stresses a cut-and-paste approach to standardized hobbyist technologies , and encourages cookbook re-use of designs published on websites and maker-oriented publications.
The maker movement is a social movement with an artisan spirit. Maker culture emphasizes learning-through-doing active learning in a social environment. Maker culture emphasizes informal, networked, peer-led, and shared learning motivated by fun and self-fulfillment. Community interaction and knowledge sharing are often mediated through networked technologies, with websites and social media tools forming the basis of knowledge repositories and a central channel for information sharing and exchange of ideas, and focused through social meetings in shared spaces such as hackspaces.
Maker culture is seen as having the potential to contribute to a more participatory approach and create new pathways into topics that will make them more alive and relevant to learners. Some say that the maker movement is a reaction to the de-valuing of physical exploration and the growing sense of disconnection with the physical world in modern cities.
In reaction to the rise of maker culture, Barack Obama pledged to open several national research and development facilities to the public. The methods of digital fabrication —previously the exclusive domain of institutions—have made making on a personal scale accessible, following a logical and economic progression similar to the transition from minicomputers to personal computers in the microcomputer revolution of the s.
Spurred primarily by the advent of RepRap 3D printing for the fabrication of prototypes , declining cost and broad adoption have opened up new realms of innovation. As it has become cost effective to make just one item for prototyping or a small number of household items , [9] this approach can be depicted as personal fabrication for "a market of one person". The rise of the maker culture is closely associated with the rise of hackerspaces, Fab Labs and other "makerspaces", of which there are now many around the world, including over each in Germany and the United States.
One , and TechShop. As maker culture becomes more popular, hackerspaces and Fab Labs are becoming more common in universities [15] and public libraries. Outside Europe and the US, the maker culture is also on the rise, with several hacker or makerspaces being landmarks in their respective cities' entrepreneurial and educational landscape. Lamba Labs in Beirut is recognized as a hackerspace where people can collaborate freely, in a city often divided by its different ethnic and religious groups.
The most comprehensive directory of Makerspaces around the world can be found here. As tools and technology became increasingly affordable and accessible, and the business of making ecosystem more expansive, and new makers started to learn basic skills such as soldering and working with Arduino and other easy-to-program development platforms, makers began to segment into three distinct groups.
A fourth segment was recently added: Every maker has a different starting point. However, the common thread begins with an inspiration to invent, the spark that turns an individual from purely consuming products to having a hand in actually making them. To go from zero to maker, the two most important aspects are the ability to learn the requisite skills and access to the necessary means of production. The distinction in this stage is that makers begin to collaborate and access the expertise of others.
At this stage, makers also contribute to existing platforms. Powerful undercurrents are at work, both from technological revolution as well as unleashing the innate desire for self-expression and creation. From the workshops and the digital communities, a new wave of invention and innovation springs forth.
Knowledge flows and concentrates. Some of the inventions and creations will appeal to a broader audience than the original makers. Some may even find commercial appeal. However, even if only a few makers pursue market opportunities, the impact may be huge. For every maker in the above segments there are individuals that foster and support them.
Children's museums and public libraries are promoting more DIY activities and tools to expose patrons to maker culture in the zero-to-maker segment. Family members and maker space staff support the maker-to-maker segment. Many maker businesses have a cloud of supporting personnel that enable their success. Although not necessarily makers themselves, these maker-advocates comprise a large segment of maker culture. The cloud describes a family of tools in service of the maker movement, enabling increased collaboration, digital workflow, distributed manufacturing i.
This, combined with the Open source movement, initially focused on software, has been expanding into open-source hardware , assisted by easy access to online plans in the cloud and licensing agreements. Some example of cloud-based tools include online project repositories like Appropedia and thingiverse , version-controlled collaborative platforms like GitHub and wevolver , knowledge sharing platforms like instructables , wikipedia and other Wikis , including WikiHow and wikifab and platforms for distributed manufacturing like shapeways and k garages.
Desktop 3D printing is now possible in various plastics and metals. Digital fabrication also includes various subtractive fabrication tech, eg. Laser cutting , CNC milling , and Knitting machines.
To create one's own designs for digital fabrication requires digital design tools, like solidworks , autodesk , and Rhinoceros 3D.
More recently, less expensive or easier to use software has emerged. For example, fusion is free for start ups and individuals, and onshape and tinkercad are browser-based digital design software. Online project repositories make many parts available for digital fabrication—even for people who are unable to do their own design work. Opendesk is one example of a company which has made a business by designing and hosting projects for distributed digital fabrication.
Patreon and kickstarter are two examples of distributed funding platforms key to the Maker Movement. Maker culture is not all about new, digital technologies. Traditional and analog tools remain crucial to the movement. Traditional tools are often more familiar and accessible, which is key to maker culture. In many places and projects where digital fabrication tools are just not suitable, hand tools are. This involves making scientific instruments for citizen science or open source labs.
Clothes can include sew and no-sew DIY hacks. Clothing can also include knitted or crocheted clothing and accessories. Some knitters may use knitting machines with varying degrees of automatic patterning. Fully electronic knitting machines can be interfaced to computers running computer-aided design software. Arduino boards have been interfaced to electronic knitting machines to further automate the process.
Free People , a popular clothing retailer for young women, often hosts craft nights inside the doors of its Anthropologie locations. Examples of maker culture in food production include baking , homebrewing , winemaking , vegoil , pickling , sausage , cheesemaking , yogurt and pastry production.
This can also extend into urban agriculture , composting and synthetic biology. Maker cosmetics includes perfumes , creams , lotions , gels and shampoos. The concept of homemade and experimental instruments in music has its roots prior to the maker movement, from complicated experiments with figures such as Reed Ghazala and Michel Waisvisz pioneering early circuit bending techniques to simple projects such as the Cigar Box Guitar.
Bart Hopkin published the magazine Experimental Musical Instruments for 15 years followed by a series of books about instrument building. Makers can also make or fabricate their own tools. A kit car , also known as a "component car", is an automobile that is available as a set of parts that a manufacturer sells and the buyer himself then assembles into a functioning car.
Car tuning can include electric vehicle conversion. Motorcycle making and conversions are also represented. Tinker Bike is an open source motorcycle kit adaptable to recycled components; NightShift Bikes is a small, Makerist project in custom, DIY electric motorcycle conversions. Bicycles , too, have a DIY, Maker-style community. Zenga Bros ' Tall Bikes are one example. Other media outlets associated with the movement include Wamungo , Hackaday , Makery , and the popular weblog Boing Boing.
Boing Boing editor Cory Doctorow has written a novel, Makers , which he describes as being "a book about people who hack hardware, business-models, and living arrangements to discover ways of staying alive and happy even when the economy is falling down the toilet". Since the subculture has held regular events around the world, Maker Faire , which in drew a crowd of , attendees.
Following the Maker Faire model, similar events which don't use the Maker Faire brand, have emerged around the world. The Maker Movement has at times been criticized for not fulfilling its goals of inclusivity and democratization.
Others criticize that the Maker Movement is not a movement at all, that it has grown to be so broad as to be practically meaningless. In , Garnet Hertz published a 10 issue book series titled Critical Making that collected submissions from 70 designers, artists and academics to critically rethink the maker movement. The project was an "appeal to the electronic DIY maker movement to be critically engaged with culture, history and society: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Makerspace , Hackerspace , and Fablab. Brockman, John , ed. Retrieved 16 February We can finally fix that boundary between art and artisans. The Wall Street Journal. One brings the hacker space movement to Chicago". Archived from the original on July 7, Retrieved 27 Aug Retrieved February 25, Archived from the original on Retrieved 25 January Make the future of your city". Impact of the Maker Movement. Retrieved 27 August East Bay Mini Maker Faire.
The Weston Daily Voice. Archived from the original on May 1,