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KODAKCoin is a photographer-oriented blockchain cryptocurrency used for payments for licensing photographs. The initial coin offering ICO was scheduled for January 31, , but was delayed for several weeks so that accredited investors could be validated. Hash function — A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to data of fixed size. The values returned by a function are called hash values, hash codes, digests. One use is a structure called a hash table, widely used in computer software for rapid data lookup.

Hash functions accelerate table or database lookup by detecting duplicated records in a large file, an example is finding similar stretches in DNA sequences. They are also useful in cryptography and this is used for assuring integrity of transmitted data, and is the building block for HMACs, which provide message authentication.

Hash functions are related to checksums, check digits, fingerprints, lossy compression, randomization functions, error-correcting codes, although these concepts overlap to some extent, each has its own uses and requirements and is designed and optimized differently.

The Hash Keeper database maintained by the American National Drug Intelligence Center, Hash functions are used in hash tables, to quickly locate a data record given its search key.

Specifically, the function is used to map the search key to an index. Hash tables, in turn, are used to implement associative arrays, typically, the domain of a hash function is larger than its range, and so it will map several different keys to the same index.

Therefore, each slot of a table is associated with a set of records. For this reason, each slot of a table is often called a bucket. Thus, the function only hints at the records location — it tells where one should start looking for it. Still, in a table, a good hash function will typically narrow the search down to only one or two entries.

Hash functions are used to build caches for large data sets stored in slow media. A cache is generally simpler than a hashed search table, since any collision can be resolved by discarding or writing back the older of the two colliding items and this is also used in file comparison. Hash functions are an ingredient of the Bloom filter, a space-efficient probabilistic data structure that is used to test whether an element is a member of a set. Once the table is complete, any two duplicate records will end up in the same bucket, the duplicates can then be found by scanning every bucket T which contains two or more members, fetching those records, and comparing them.

With a table of size, this method is likely to be much faster than any alternative approach. Ethereum — Ethereum is an open-source, public, blockchain-based distributed computing platform featuring smart contract functionality. It provides a decentralized Turing-complete virtual machine, the Ethereum Virtual Machine, Ethereum also provides a value token called ether, which can be transferred between participants and is used to compensate participant nodes for computations performed.

Gas, an internal transaction pricing mechanism, is used to prevent spam on the network, Ethereum was initially proposed in late by Vitalik Buterin, a cryptocurrency researcher and programmer. Development was funded by an online crowdsale during July—August , the system went live on 30 July Ethereum was initially described in a paper by Vitalik Buterin. More specifically, Buterin had argued to the core developers that the platform needed a more robust scripting language for developing applications.

Failing to gain agreement, he proposed development of a new platform with a more general scripting language, Buterin believes that many applications could benefit from Bitcoin-like software. The Ethereum software project was developed in early by a Swiss company. Subsequently, a Swiss non-profit foundation, the Ethereum Foundation was set up as well, development was funded by an online public crowdsale during July—August , with the participants buying the Ethereum value token with another digital currency, bitcoin.

While there was praise for the technical innovations of Ethereum. Ethereums live blockchain was launched on 30 July , the initial version of Ethereum—called Frontier—uses a proof of work consensus algorithm, although a later version is expected to replace that with a proof of stake algorithm. Since the initial version, the Ethereum network has accomplished several so-called hard forks, first hard fork The first hard fork introduced a difficulty bomb to incentivize an upgrade to proof of stake when this system will be ready.

Second hard fork—Homestead release The second hard fork was made in Spring and marked the first stable release, as a consequence of the way the DAO was programmed, these moved funds would remain unavailable for withdrawal for about a month. After a few weeks discussion, on 20 July Ethereum hard-forked creating a new fork to reverse the hack and return The DAO funds and this was the first time any mainstream blockchain was forked to reverse a transaction in order to make reparations to investors in a failed enterprise.

This hard fork successfully de-bloated the blockchain and attempted to prevent further attacks by hackers. The value token of the Ethereum blockchain is called ether and it is listed under the diminutive ETH and traded on cryptocurrency exchanges. It is also used to pay for fees and computational services on the Ethereum network. Kodak — Eastman Kodak Company, commonly referred to as Kodak, is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography.

The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York and is incorporated in New Jersey, Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world. Kodak was founded by George Eastman and Henry A, during most of the 20th century, Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film. The companys ubiquity was such that its Kodak moment tagline entered the lexicon to describe a personal event that was demanded to be recorded for posterity.

Kodak began to struggle financially in the late s, as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film, as a part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak began to focus on digital photography and digital printing, and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation. In February , Kodak announced that it would stop making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames, in January , the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid Clarke as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors.

Kodak passed on the opportunity to become the film of the Los Angeles Olympics, Fuji won these sponsorship rights. Fuji opened a plant in the U.

Although Kodak developed a camera in , the first of its kind. In the s, Kodak planned a journey to move to digital technology. Fisher reached out to Microsoft, Apples pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras, introduced in , had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak. It was a spinoff from the Chicago Music Show, which then had served as the main event for exhibiting consumer electronics.

The winter show was held in Las Vegas in as planned. However, the inaugural E3 gaming show was scheduled to be held on the West Coast in May and proved a source of increasing competition, causing the Philadelphia Summer CES show to be cancelled. In , the changed to a once-a-year format with Las Vegas as the location. The exhibitors attracted 17, attendees to the Hilton, on view, the latest pocket radios and TVs sporting integrated circuits.

Samsung showed off a inch plasma television, zimiti Ltd won the Best of Innovators award for Personal Electronics. The standards competition between HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc was conspicuous, with some of the first HD movie releases, philips showed a rollable display prototype whose screen can retain an image for several months without electricity.

Hillcrest Labs won the Best Of Innovations award in the video category for software and hardware that allows a television to be controlled with natural gestures. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment and it is the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center for Nevada. The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World and it is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry, claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any city in the world.

Today, Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the worlds most visited tourist destinations. The citys tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City, and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature, films, television programs, Las Vegas was settled in and officially incorporated in At the close of the 20th century, it was the most populated American city founded within that century, population growth has accelerated since the s, and between and the population nearly doubled, increasing by Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century, and according to a estimate, perhaps the earliest visitors to the Las Vegas area were nomadic Paleo-Indians, who traveled there 10, years ago, leaving behind petroglyphs.

Anasazi and Paiute tribes followed at least 2, years ago, a young Mexican scout named Rafael Rivera is credited as the first non-Native American to encounter the valley, in Trader Antonio Armijo led a man party along the Spanish Trail to Los Angeles, the area was named Las Vegas, which is Spanish for the meadows, as it featured abundant wild grasses, as well as desert spring waters for westward travelers.

The fort was abandoned several years afterward, the remainder of this Old Mormon Fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue.

Las Vegas was founded as a city in , when acres of adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks were auctioned in what would become the downtown area. In , Las Vegas was incorporated as a city, was a pivotal year for Las Vegas. At that time, Nevada legalized casino gambling and reduced residency requirements for divorce to six weeks and this year also witnessed the beginning of construction on nearby Hoover Dam.

The influx of workers and their families helped Las Vegas avoid economic calamity during the Great Depression. Short finance — In finance, short selling is the practice of selling securities or other financial instruments that are not currently owned, and subsequently repurchasing them.

In the event of a price decline, the short seller profits. Conversely, the short position closes out at a if the price of a shorted instrument rises prior to repurchase.

Potential loss on a sale is theoretically unlimited, as there is no theoretical limit to a rise in the price of the instrument. In the securities markets, the seller generally must borrow the securities to effect delivery in the short sale. In practical terms, going short can be considered the opposite of the practice of going long.

Mathematically, the return from a position is equivalent to that of owning a negative amount of the instrument. A short sale may have a variety of objectives, traders or fund managers may hedge a long position or a portfolio through one or more short positions.

In contrast to a merchant who starts out to buy low, sell high. Although some feel that short selling is morally wrong, research indicates that banning short selling is ineffective and has effects on markets. The following example describes the sale of a security.

To profit from a decrease in the price of a security, when the seller decides that the time is right, the seller buys equivalent securities and returns them to the lender. In most market conditions there is a supply of securities to be borrowed, held by pension funds, mutual funds. The act of buying back the securities that were sold short is called covering the short or covering the position, a short position can be covered at any time before the securities are due to be returned.

Once the position is covered, the seller is not affected by subsequent rises or falls in the price of the securities. Short selling refers broadly to any used by an investor to profit from the decline in price of a borrowed asset or financial instrument. Wired magazine — Wired is a monthly American magazine, published in print and online editions, that focuses on how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy, and politics.

In its earliest colophons, Wired credited Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan as its patron saint, from its beginning, the strongest influence on the magazines editorial outlook came from techno-utopian co-founder Stewart Brand and his associate Kevin Kelly.

Wired, which touted itself as the Rolling Stone of technology, a great success at its launch, it was lauded for its vision, originality, innovation and cultural impact. However, the first issue did contain a few references to the Internet, including online-dating and Internet sex, the last page, a column written by Nicholas Negroponte, was written in the style of an e-mail message, but contained obviously fake, non-standard email addresses.

Wired was among the first magazines to list the email address of its authors and contributors, associate publisher Kathleen Lyman was brought on board to launch Wired with an advertising base of major technology and consumer advertisers. The magazine was followed by a companion website HotWired, a book publishing division, HardWired, a Japanese edition.

The cover story broke records for being one of the most publicized stories of the year and was used to promote Wireds HotWired news service, HotWired spawned websites Webmonkey, the search engine HotBot, and a weblog, Suck. In June , the magazine launched an index, The Wired Index. The fortune of the magazine and allied enterprises corresponded closely to that of the dot-com bubble, in , Rossetto and the other participants in Wired Ventures attempted to take the company public with an IPO.

The initial attempt had to be withdrawn in the face of a downturn in the stock market, the second try was also unsuccessful. Wired survived the bubble and found new direction under editor-in-chief Chris Anderson in It was founded in by Clarence Barron, and covers US financial information, market developments, each issue provides a summary of the previous weeks market activity as well as news reports and an informative outlook on the week to come.

The magazine is named after Clarence W.