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CBS is sometimes referred to as the "Eye Network", in reference to the company's iconic logo, in use since It has also been called the "Tiffany Network", alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. Prior to then, CBS Radio mainly provided news and features content for its portfolio owned-and-operated radio stations in large and mid-sized markets, and affiliated radio stations in various other markets.
The television network has more than owned-and-operated and affiliated television stations throughout the United States. The fledgling network soon needed additional investors though, and the Columbia Phonograph Company, manufacturers of Columbia Recordsrescued it in April bitcoin block watch toledo ohio as a result, the network was renamed the "Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System" on September 18 of that year.
Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,with a presentation by the Howard L. None of the three were interested in assuming day-to-day management of the network, so they installed wealthy year-old William S. Paleyson of a Philadelphia cigar family and in-law of the Levys, as president. With the record company out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to "Columbia Broadcasting System". WABC was quickly upgraded, and the signal relocated to kHz. By the turn ofthe network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates.
Paley moved right away to put his network on a firmer financial footing. In the fall ofhe entered into talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictureswho planned to move into radio in response to RCA 's forays into bitcoin block watch toledo ohio pictures with the advent of talkies. This is the atmosphere in which the CBS of today was born. There were two types of program at the time: Rival NBC paid affiliates for every sponsored show they carried and charged them for every sustaining show they ran.
Paley had a different idea, designed to get CBS programs emanating from as many radio sets as possible: Paley was a man who valued style and taste, [18] and inonce he had his affiliates happy and his company's creditworthiness on the mend, he relocated his concern to sleek, new Madison Avenuethe "heart of the advertising community, right where Paley wanted his company to be" [19] and where it would stay until its move to its own Eero Saarinen -designed headquarters, the CBS Buildingin Since NBC was the broadcast arm of radio set manufacturer RCA, its chief David Sarnoff approached his decisions as both a broadcaster and as a hardware executive; NBC's affiliates had the latest RCA equipment, and were often the best-established stations, or were on " clear channel " frequencies.
Yet Sarnoff's affiliates were mistrustful of him. Paley had no such split loyalties: Paley had an innate, pitch-perfect, sense of entertainment, "a gift of the gods, an ear totally pure", [20] wrote David Halberstam. CBS time salesmen recognized early on that this intimate connection could be a bonanza for advertisers bitcoin block watch toledo ohio female-interest products. Reynolds tobacco company, whose cellophane-wrapped Camel cigarettes were "as fresh as the dew that dawn spills on a field of clover".
As the decade progressed, a new genre joined the daytime lineup: Although the form, usually in quarter-hour episodes, proliferated widely in the mid- and late s, they all had the same basic premise: The helping-hand figures were usually older. Thanks to its daytime and primetime schedules, CBS prospered in the s. The extraordinary potential of radio news showed itself inwhen CBS suddenly found itself with a live telephone connection to a prisoner called "The Deacon" who described, from the inside and in real time, a riot and conflagration at the Ohio Penitentiary ; for CBS, it was "a shocking journalistic coup".
Bythey fought back, many no longer publishing radio schedules for readers' convenience, or allowing "their" news to be read on the air for radio's profit.
It was in this climate that Paley set out to "enhance the prestige of CBS, to make it seem in the public mind the more advanced, dignified and socially aware network". Since there was no blueprint or precedent for real-time news coverage, early efforts of the new division used the shortwave link-up CBS had been using for five years [40] to bring live feeds of European events to bitcoin block watch toledo ohio American air.
A key early hire was Edward R. Murrow in ; his first corporate title was Director of Bitcoin block watch toledo ohio. He was mentored in microphone technique by Robert Troutthe lone full-time member of the News Division, and quickly found himself in a growing rivalry with boss White.
Halberstam described Murrow in London as "the right man in the right place in the right era". They were "in [Murrow's] own image, sartorially impeccable, literate, often liberal, and prima donnas all". Murrow's nightly reports from the rooftops during the dark days of the London Blitz galvanized American listeners: He was indeed reporting on the survival of the English-speaking peoples. Paley's network was finally more than just a pipeline carrying other people's programming: Once the war was over and Murrow returned for good, it was as "a superstar with prestige and freedom and respect within his profession and within his company".
Paley himself, [52] and with a foe that formidable, even the vast Murrow account would soon run dry. Its unique format, a contemporary version bitcoin block watch toledo ohio the story in the form of faux news broadcasts, had panicked many listeners into believing invaders from Mars were actually invading and devastating Grover's Bitcoin block watch toledo ohio, New Jerseydespite three disclaimers during the broadcast that it was a work of fiction.
The flood of publicity after the broadcast had two effects: This network provided vital news and cultural programming throughout South America and Central America during the crucial World War Bitcoin block watch toledo ohio era bitcoin block watch toledo ohio fostered diplomatic relations between the United States and the less developed nations of the continent.
As wound down, Bill Paley announced that would "be the greatest year in the history of radio in the United States. The CBS of the s was vastly different from bitcoin block watch toledo ohio of the early days; many of the old guard veterans had died, retired or simply left the network. As Paley grew more remote, he installed a series of buffer executives who sequentially assumed more and more power at CBS: Second only to Paley as the author of CBS's style and ambitions in its first half-century, Stanton was "a magnificent mandarin who functioned as company superintendent, spokesman, and image-maker".
Orally," which CBS salesmen used to great effect bringing in new sponsors. Despite the influx of advertisers and their cash, or perhaps because of them, the s were bitcoin block watch toledo ohio without bumps for the radio networks. CBS was also hit, though not as severely: On the air, the war affected almost every show. Variety shows wove patriotism through their comedy and music segments; dramas and soaps had characters join the service and go off to fight.
A few shows submitted scripts for review; most did not. The ban on ad-libbing caused quizzes, game shows and amateur hours to wither for the duration. Surprising was "the granite permanence" of the shows at the top of the ratings. One bitcoin block watch toledo ohio, while Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll were hard at work at NBC writing their venerable Amos bitcoin block watch toledo ohio Andy show, a knock came on the door; bitcoin block watch toledo ohio was Paley himself, with an astonishing offer: Paley achieved this rout with a legal agreement reminiscent of his contract that caused some NBC radio affiliates to jump ship and join CBS.
As a result of this, Paley got in something he had sought for 20 years: Radio continued to be the backbone of the company, at least in the early s, but it was "a strange, twilight period" where some cities had often multiple television stations which siphoned the audience from radio, while other cities such as Denver and Portland, Oregon had no television stations at all.
In those areas, as well as rural areas and some entire states, network radio remained the sole, nationally broadcast service. Gradually, as the television network took shape, radio stars began to migrate to the new medium. Many programs ran on both media while making the transition. The high-rated Jack Benny Program ended its radio run inand Edgar Bergen's Sunday night show went off the air in When CBS announced in that its radio operations had lost money, while the television network had made money, [90] it was clear where the future lay.
When the soap opera Ma Perkins went off the air on November 25,only eight, relatively minor series remained. The network also continued to offer traditional radio programming through its weeknightly CBS Radio Mystery Theaterthe lone sustained holdout of dramatic programming, from tothough shorter runs were given to the General Mills Radio Adventure Theater and the Sears Radio Theater in the s; otherwise, most new dramatic radio was carried on public and to some extent religious stations.
CBS's involvement in television dates back to the opening of experimental station W2XAB in New York City on July 21,using the mechanical television system that had been more-or-less perfected in the late s. The station boasted the first regular seven-day broadcasting schedule in American television, broadcasting 28 hours a week.
Announcer-director Bill Schudt was the station's only paid employee; all other talent was volunteer. W2XAB pioneered program development including small-scale dramatic acts, monologues, pantomime, and the use of projection slides to simulate sets. Engineer Bill Lodge devised the first synchronized sound wave bitcoin block watch toledo ohio a television station inenabling W2XAB to broadcast picture and sound on a single shortwave channel instead of the two previously needed.
The station suspended bitcoin block watch toledo ohio on February 20,as monochrome television transmission standards were in flux, and in the process of changing from a mechanical to an all-electronic system. W2XAB returned to the air with an all-electronic system in from a new studio complex in Grand Central Station and a transmitter atop the Chrysler Buildingbroadcasting on channel 2.
The station went on the air at 2: During the World War II years, commercial television broadcasting was reduced dramatically. Toward the end of the war, commercial television began to ramp up again, with bitcoin block watch toledo ohio increased level of programming evident from to on the three New York television stations which operated in those years the local stations of NBC, CBS and DuMont.
But as RCA and DuMont raced to establish networks and offer upgraded programming, CBS lagged, advocating an industry-wide shift and restart to UHF for their incompatible with black and white color system; the FCC putting an indefinite "freeze" on television licenses that lasted until also did not help matters.
Only inwhen NBC was dominant in television and black and white transmission was widespread, did CBS begin to buy or build their own stations outside of New York City in Los Angeles, Chicago and other major cities.
The rest of the stations would be acquired by CBS, either in bitcoin block watch toledo ohio ownership stake or outright purchase. In television's early years, the network bought Washington, D. The "talent raid" on NBC of the mids had brought over established radio stars, who became stars of CBS television programs as well. One reluctant CBS star refused to bring her radio show, My Favorite Husbandto television unless the network would recast the show with her real-life husband in the lead.
This was the making of the Ball-Arnaz Desilu empire, and became the template for series production to this day; it also served as the template for bitcoin block watch toledo ohio television conventions that continue to exist including the use of a multiple cameras to film scenesthe use of a studio audience and the airing of past episodes for syndication to other television outlets.
When the quiz show scandals involving "rigged" questions surfaced inCowan was fired bitcoin block watch toledo ohio CBS. As television came to the forefront of American entertainment and information, CBS dominated television as it once had radio.
During the Presidency of James T. Aubrey —CBS was able to balance prestigious television projects befitting the Tiffany Network imagewith more low culturebroad appeal programs. This success would continue for many years, with CBS being bumped from first place only due to the rise of ABC in the mids. Perhaps because of its status as the top-rated network, during the late s and early s CBS felt freer to gamble with controversial properties like the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour and All in the Family and its many bitcoin block watch toledo ohio during this period.
Fred Silverman who would later head ABCand then later NBC made the decision to cancel most of those otherwise hit shows by mid in what became colloquially referred to as the " Rural Purge ", with Green Acres cast member Pat Buttram bitcoin block watch toledo ohio that the network cancelled "anything with a tree in it". The bitcoin block watch toledo ohio of these hits were overseen by bitcoin block watch toledo ohio East Coast vice president Alan Wagner. Eastern Time slot on Sundays in and became the first ever prime time television news program to enter the Nielsen Top 10 in After Silverman's departure, CBS dropped behind ABC for second place in the —77 seasonbut still rated strongly, based on its earlier hits and some new ones: ByABC had run out of steam, NBC was in dire straits with many failed programming efforts greenlighted by Silverman during his tenure as network president a four-year run which began inand CBS once more nosed ahead, courtesy of the major success of Dallas and its spin-off Knots Landingas well as hits in Falcon CrestMagnum, P.
The network sold its St. Consequently, collaboration between Paley and Tisch led to the slow dismissal of Wyman, with Tisch taking over as chief operating officerand Paley returning as chairman.
