Bitcoin academic articles on legalizing weed

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Cannabis in Washington relates to a number of legislative, legal, and cultural events surrounding the use of cannabis marijuana, [a] hashishTHCkiefetc. InWashington became the first U. Under state law, cannabis is legal for medical purposes and for any purpose by adults over Washington was among many states to criminalize cannabis in the s.

The Washington State Legislature passed House Bill 3 inwhich defined " cannabis americana " and " cannabis indica " as narcotic drugs. Possession was punishable by one to 10 years in prison. As racial and anti-immigrant tensions rose, newspapers published sensationalized stories of the drug causing Mexicans to go insane and commit violent crimes. After cannabis use became more common during the s, the bitcoin academic articles on legalizing weed began to relax its marijuana laws.

Inthe state legislature reduced the crime of possession of 40 grams or less to a misdemeanor, and no longer considered the drug to be an "opiate" or "narcotic. Despite its Schedule I status, inthe Washington Court of Appeals recognized there was a medical necessity defense for cannabis possession.

In the case of State v. Diana, a Spokane man with multiple sclerosis appealed his conviction of possession of a controlled substance on the grounds that the drug was necessary to treat his medical condition.

The court held that the medical defense exists, but only in very specific circumstances. Medical marijuana patients, however, had no legal way of obtaining the drug.

In the s, cannabis buyers clubs and cooperatives began providing the drug to patients in several cities across the US. These dispensaries operated in defiance of state and federal law, but were rarely targeted by law enforcement. Inthe Green Cross Patient Co-op of Bainbridge Island became the first buyers club in the country to be raided by law enforcement.

Stich Bitcoin academic articles on legalizing weed, provided cannabis at little or no cost to over 70 patients with diseases such as AIDScancerand multiple sclerosis. Both McKee and Miller were arrested, and around cannabis plants were seized. McKee and Miller moved the co-op to Seattle and resumed operations.

This would have allowed doctors to write prescriptions for medical marijuana. Seeley, who had been diagnosed with a rare bone cancer inused cannabis obtained from the co-op to treat the side effects of his chemotherapy. Following the ruling, two separate ballot initiatives were filed to decriminalize medical marijuana in the state. Both were sponsored by physician Rob Killian. It would have also paroled drug prisoners. The initiative was endorsed by The Seattle Timesmarking one of the first times a major newspaper in the U.

The passage of I allowed physicians to recommend medical marijuana to patients with terminal or debilitating illnesses including: Although the law did not explicitly allow bitcoin academic articles on legalizing weedmany were established and often went ignored by law enforcement. Bythere were around 75 storefront dispensaries open in Seattle and 55 in Spokane. Governor Christine Gregoirehowever, vetoed most of the new legislation, explaining that she would "not subject [ Ormsby ordered all dispensaries operating in Spokane to cease operations.

Most complied, but several owners who refused to close their stores were arrested. In spite of federal prohibition, public support in the state for marijuana reform continued to grow. InSeattle passed an initiative making adult marijuana possession the lowest priority bitcoin academic articles on legalizing weed law enforcement agencies in bitcoin academic articles on legalizing weed city.

In earlythe Washington House of Representatives considered two bills regarding cannabis. One would have allowed cannabis sales in state liquor stores, and the other would have decriminalized possession of forty grams or less. Both bills died in committee. Despite an endorsement by the Washington State Democratic Partythe campaign bitcoin academic articles on legalizing weed little fundraising and failed to gather enough signatures to secure a spot on the ballot.

The following year, a separate group of activists filed Initiativewhich would have legalized the use of cannabis for adults over the age of The bill also allowed the Washington State Liquor Control Board to regulate and tax cannabis production and sales, and set new limits on blood THC levels for driving under the influence.

In Aprilwhen the legislature adjourned without acting, the initiative advanced to the general ballot. The initiative faced little organized opposition. On November 6,I was approved by a vote of In Augustthe United States Department of Justice announced that it would not interfere with state-level legalization, as long as distribution and sales were strictly regulated by the state.

Even before the establishment of state-licensed growers and retail stores, cannabis was easily obtainable. Much of the state's supply was grown locally or imported from the neighboring Canadian province of British Columbia or from Mexico.

After the increase in security at the United States—Mexico borderdue in part to the September 11 attacks ofMexican cartels increasingly began to grow cannabis within the United States rather than export it from Mexico. Although the state began regulating the cannabis industry inunlicensed production continued. Washington's legal cannabis industry is regulated by the state's Liquor and Cannabis Board formerly known as the Washington State Liquor Control Board.

Bitcoin academic articles on legalizing weed state offers separate business licenses to cannabis growers, processors and retailers. In Maythe Liquor and Cannabis Board held a lottery to award licenses to qualified applicants. As retailers only had two months to establish storefronts and acquire inventory, stores experienced supply issues during the summer of The majority of the money goes towards public health programs such as Medicaidcommunity health centers and substance abuse prevention efforts.

The remaining funds go towards the Liquor and Cannabis Board, local governments, and the state general fund. A survey by the Washington State Department of Health found that adolescent usage in the state has remained stable over the past decade despite the introduction of retail stores in SinceWashington has hosted the annual Seattle Hempfesta protest festival which advocates the reform of cannabis laws. The event is held in Seattle city parks and features speakers including politicians and activists as well as live music.

Attendance has grown from around people in its first year toat the festival. Washington also hosts the Cannabis Farmers Marketthe first and largest farmers' market of its kind. The Cannabis Farmers Market has been held in both Bitcoin academic articles on legalizing weed and Tacomaand is primarily intended to provide access to medical marijuana for patients living outside of major cities.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. No distinction is intended. Retrieved December 3, Retrieved December 4, Retrieved November 20, The Effect of State Marijuana Legalizations". Retrieved November 19, Retrieved November 21, Retrieved November 23, Retrieved November 24, Drug Policy Reform and Prohibition Politics.

Washington Secretary of State. Retrieved on November 26, Retrieved November 26, Retrieved November 27, Retrieved November 29, Archived from the original on February 4, Retrieved November 30, Retrieved December 2, Retrieved on December 2, Pierre, Allen February 17, Washington State Liquor Control Board.

The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 29, Retrieved December 17, Retrieved December 19, Retrieved January 21, Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. Washington Office of Financial Management. Retrieved February 4, Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board. Washington State Department of Health. Retrieved February 15, Cannabis Farmers Bitcoin academic articles on legalizing weed Evergreen: The Road to Legalization Olympia Hempfest Seattle Hempfest. Legality of cannabis in the United States.

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The legality of cannabis varies from country to country. Possession of cannabis is illegal in most countries and has been since the beginning of widespread cannabis prohibition in the late s. On 10 December , Uruguay became the first country in the world to legalize the sale, cultivation, and distribution of cannabis. In the United States, federal law prohibits possession or sale of marijuana for any purpose, but the Obama Administration refrained from prosecuting users and dealers operating in compliance with state see Legality of cannabis by U.

The medicinal use of cannabis is legal in a number of countries, including Canada , the Czech Republic and Israel. Medical cannabis in the United States is legal in 29 states as of December Pot parlors were legalized in California in November Some countries have laws which are not as vigorously prosecuted as other countries, but apart from the countries which offer access to medical marijuana, most countries have penalties ranging from lenient to very severe.

Some infractions are taken more seriously in some countries than others in regard to the cultivation, use, possession or transfer of cannabis for recreational use. A few jurisdictions have lessened penalties for possession of small quantities of cannabis, making it punishable by confiscation and a fine , rather than imprisonment. Routine drug tests to detect cannabis are most common in the United States , and have resulted in jail sentences and loss of employment even for medical use.

In most European countries, privacy and labor laws prevent such testing for job applicants. Cannabis has been in use for thousands of years. In India and Nepal, Cannabis has long been used in religious rituals. Under the name cannabis, nineteenth-century medical practitioners sold the drug usually as a tincture , popularizing the word among English-speakers.

In , the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission , commissioned by the UK Secretary of State and the Government of India, was instrumental in a decision not to criminalize the drug in those countries See Shamir and Hacker in 'further readings' below. Importing countries were required to issue certificates approving the importation, stating that the shipment was to be used "exclusively for medical or scientific purposes".

Around , doctors came to believe that cannabis had a medical value, and it was freely sold for over a century in pharmacies. In the late s in California , Dennis Peron started a movement to legalize medical cannabis , opening the San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club in It became the headquarters for an activist movement that drafted the Compassionate Use Act, which was transformed into Proposition Proposition was passed into law in November On November 6, , Colorado Amendment 64 and Washington Initiative were passed by popular initiative , thereby becoming the first American states to legalize the recreational use of cannabis under state law.

However cannabis is still classified as a Schedule I substance. On January 1, , an amendment to the Netherlands' cannabis policy was introduced to "combat drug-related crime and nuisance". The new rule requires cannabis coffee shop owners to monitor the identities of their customers to ensure that only residents of the Netherlands purchase cannabis.

Owners are expected to maintain adherence through procedures such as asking customers to produce valid documents to prove their status. On May 28, , Colorado governor John Hickenlooper signed two bills that made Colorado the world's first fully regulated recreational cannabis market for adults.

Uruguay became the world's first nation to legalize the production, sale, and consumption of cannabis in December after a 16—13 vote in the Senate. Users have to be 18 or older and register in a national database that tracks their consumption. Registered smoking clubs are allowed to grow 99 plants annually. Buying cannabis is prohibited for foreigners, and it is illegal to move it across international borders.

As of October , the Government of the Netherlands website explained that coffee shops were permitted to sell cannabis under certain strict conditions: Individual municipalities were responsible for permitting the establishment of cannabis coffee shops within their boundaries, and also allowed to introduce additional rules.

It is illegal to grow cannabis plants in the Netherlands, but in cases in which a maximum of five plants is grown for "personal consumption", the authorities will most likely seize the plants, without taking any further action. If more than five plants are seized, the police may also seek prosecution. In Switzerland, a ballot measure legalizing Cannabis for personal cultivation and use "Hemp-Initiative" was rejected in by popular vote.

In some larger Swiss cities, cannabis regulations were relaxed, and the drug was offered as potpourri not intended for smoking. These cannabis stores were tolerated in the late s until about , when they were raided largely due to accusations of tax avoidance.

While narcotic cannabis possession has been decriminalized on a national level since , larger cities and agglomerations have started decriminalization efforts already in the s, limiting legal consequences of cannabis possession to fines, and later tolerating private cannabis clubs. In , a number of shops have started to offer cannabidiol-based cannabis products, which are tolerated by authorities.

However, such products are subject to Swiss tobacco tax, with expected federal tax revenues of about 24 million CHF per year. In November , Uttarakhand became the first state of India to legalize the cultivation of cannabis for industrial purposes. Possession of cannabis in Canada for recreational use is planned to be legalized by the government in ; medical cannabis is already legal in line with the country's Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations.

During the federal election campaign, the Liberals who subsequently formed the new federal government had promised "new, stronger laws" against sales to minors, driving while impaired, and sales through channels not specifically authorized to do so. After November elections and voting on propositions ended, four states in America, namely Florida, North Dakota, Arkansas, and Montana legalized medical marijuana. Four other states, namely California, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nevada legalized the recreational use of marijuana for adults 21 and older.

In May , during campaigning for the United Kingdom general election , the Liberal Democrat party announced in its manifesto that it would support the legalisation of cannabis if elected, permitting licensed stores to sell it to overs, letting people use it in their own homes and introducing small "cannabis-smoking clubs".

In doing so, the Lib Dems became the first major UK party to advocate cannabis legalisation [32] the Green Party of England and Wales having already been in favour of cannabis decriminalisation since the party was formed in [33]. Many advocate legalization of cannabis, believing that it will eliminate the illegal trade and associated crime, yield valuable tax and reduce policing costs.

Attitudes regarding marijuana regulation have also changed as some states Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Maine, and Alaska have passed their own laws legalizing marijuana for recreational use. The survey also found an age difference between those that think marijuana should be legal and those that still support prohibition: The marijuana industry has grown significantly since and federal officials maintain that the legalization of marijuana will contribute to the increase of youth and adolescent use because it will make marijuana easier to obtain, reduce its perceived risks and more adult role models would be smoking it.

However, studies in Colorado have shown no connection between legalized marijuana and youth marijuana use. In Colorado teen use is lower than the national average, fewer teens report using marijuana than said they did prior to legalization. Underage use will continue to decrease with strict age limits, Colorado believes, and the implementation of risk awareness programs. The current campaigns provide information on marijuana laws, the impacts of youth use, the dangers of driving under the influence of any drug, and the harmful side effects of using marijuana.

By redirecting Colorado's tax revenues to educational programs for youth and adults the state is showing a commitment to fully inform the public and that may be making strides in keeping youth cannabis use to a minimum, or at least helping to keep teen uses from increasing.

In the Pew Research Center poll released on April 4, , 52 percent of Americans supported legalizing the drug and only 45 percent oppose legalization. While support has generally tracked upward over time, it has spiked 11 percentage points since From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. It has been suggested that this article be merged into Legality of cannabis by country.

Discuss Proposed since March For cannabis law in specific countries, see Legality of cannabis by country. For the legal status of the psychoactive substance found in cannabis , see THC. This Attitudes Regarding Legalization has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality.

Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page. February Learn how and when to remove this template message.

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. May Learn how and when to remove this template message. Partially or essentially legal. Illegal but often unenforced. Retrieved 17 January Retrieved 11 December Archived from the original on 23 June Retrieved 11 June Retrieved August 29, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs.

Bureau of Chemistry Legalization Of Marijuana Points of View Reference Center. The History of Marijuana. Narrated by Woody Harrelson. Miller 27 August Alcohol and Drugs in North America: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: Retrieved 9 December Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 28 October The State of Colorado's Legalization of Marijuana".

New York Daily News. Retrieved 29 May Retrieved 15 December Retrieved Aug 1, Retrieved 12 March Retrieved 30 November Retrieved 10 October New survey documents youth marijuana use, need for prevention".

Archived from the original on 4 December

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