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Bitcoin was invented by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto [11] and released as open-source software in Bitcoins are created as a reward for a process known as mining. They can be exchanged for other currencies, [13] products, and services.

Research produced by the University of Cambridge estimates that inthere were 2. The word bitcoin was defined in a white paper [4] published on 31 October One xbt bitcoin wiki page can be subdivided into millibitcoin xbt bitcoin wiki pageand satoshi sat. Named in homage to bitcoin's creator, a satoshi is the smallest amount within bitcoin representing 0. As with most new symbols, font support is very limited.

Typefaces supporting it include Horta. Bitcoin is seen as having been politically or ideologically motivated starting from the xbt bitcoin wiki page paper written by Satoshi Nakamoto. The central bank must be trusted not to debase the currency, but the history of fiat currencies is full of breaches of that trust.

Early bitcoin supporters were considered to be libertarian or anarchist trying xbt bitcoin wiki page remove currency from the control of governments. Roger Ver said "At first, almost everyone who got involved did so for philosophical reasons. We saw bitcoin as a great idea, as a way to separate money from the state. Nigel Dodd argues in "The Social Life of Bitcoin" that the essence of the bitcoin ideology is to remove money from social, as well as governmental, control, and that "Bitcoin will succeed as money to the extent that it fails as an ideology.

The currency relies on that which the ideology underpinning it seeks to deny, namely, the dependence of money upon social relations, and upon trust. Dodd shows the intensity of the ideological and political motivation for bitcoin by quoting a YouTube video, with Roger Ver, Jeff BerwickKristov Atlas, Trace Meyer and other leaders of the bitcoin movement reading The Declaration of Bitcoin's Independence.

The declaration includes the words "Bitcoin is inherently anti-establishment, anti-system, and anti-state. Bitcoin undermines governments and disrupts institutions because bitcoin is fundamentally humanitarian. David Golumbia traces the influences on xbt bitcoin wiki page ideology back to right-wing extremists such as the Liberty Lobby and the John Birch Society and their anti-Central Bank rhetoric. More recent influences include Ron Paul and Tea Party -style libertarianism. It takes control back from central authorities.

The domain name "bitcoin. Nakamoto implemented the bitcoin software as open source code and released it in January In Januarythe bitcoin network was created when Nakamoto mined the first block of the chain, known as the genesis block.

This note has been interpreted as both a timestamp and a comment on the instability caused by fractional-reserve banking. The receiver of the first bitcoin transaction was xbt bitcoin wiki page Hal Finneywho created the first reusable proof-of-work system RPOW in Wei Daicreator of b-moneyand Nick Szabocreator of bit gold.

Nakamoto is estimated to have mined 1 million bitcoins. Andresen later became lead developer at the Bitcoin Foundation. This left opportunity for controversy to develop over the future development path of bitcoin. Litecoin xbt bitcoin wiki page an early bitcoin spinoff or altcoin, starting in October Many altcoins have been created since. The Bitcoin Foundation was founded in September to "accelerate the global growth of bitcoin through standardization, protection, and promotion of the open source protocol".

The founders included Gavin Andresen and Charlie Shrem. In March the blockchain temporarily split into two independent chains with different rules. The two blockchains operated simultaneously for six hours, each with its own version of the transaction history. Normal operation was restored when the majority of the network downgraded to version 0.

The US Financial Crimes Enforcement Network FinCEN established regulatory guidelines for "decentralized virtual currencies" such as bitcoin, classifying American bitcoin miners who sell their generated bitcoins as Money Service Businesses MSBsthat are subject to registration or other legal xbt bitcoin wiki page.

In April, payment processors BitInstant and Mt. On 15 Maythe US authorities seized accounts associated with Mt. On 5 Decemberthe People's Bank of China prohibited Chinese financial institutions from using bitcoins. In February the Mt. Prices remained low until late On 1 Augusta hard fork of bitcoin was created, known as Bitcoin Cash. On 24 October another hard fork, Bitcoin Goldwas created. Bitcoin Gold changes the proof-of-work algorithm used in mining. As disagreements around scaling bitcoin heated xbt bitcoin wiki page, several hard forks were proposed.

Bitcoin XT was one proposal that aimed for 24 transactions per second. In order to accomplish this, it proposed increasing the block size from 1 megabyte to 8 megabytes. When Bitcoin XT was declined, some community members still wanted block sizes to increase. In response, a group of developers launched Bitcoin Classicwhich intended to increase the block size to only 2 megabytes. Bitcoin Unlimited set itself apart by allowing miners to xbt bitcoin wiki page on the size of their blocks, with nodes and miners limiting the size of blocks they accept, up to 16 megabytes.

Put simply, SegWit is a backward-compatible soft-fork that aims to reduce the size of each bitcoin transaction, thereby allowing more transactions to take place at once.

Segwit activated on 1 August In response to SegWit, some developers and users decided to initiate a hard fork in order to avoid the protocol updates it brought about.

Bitcoin Cash was the result, which increased the block size to 8 megabytes. After a number of companies and individuals in the community decided to back out of the hard fork, the team behind SegWit2x cancelled their planned hard fork in November Bitcoin Gold was a hard fork that followed several months later in Xbt bitcoin wiki page that changed the proof-of-work algorithm with the aim of restoring mining functionality to basic graphics processing units GPUas the developers felt that mining had become too specialized.

The blockchain is a public ledger that records bitcoin transactions. A novel solution accomplishes this without any trusted central authority: Network nodes can validate transactions, add them to their copy of the ledger, and then broadcast these ledger additions to other nodes. The blockchain is a distributed database — to achieve independent verification of the chain of ownership of any and every bitcoin amount, each network node stores its own copy of the blockchain.

This xbt bitcoin wiki page bitcoin software to determine when a particular bitcoin amount has been spent, which is necessary in order to prevent double-spending in an environment without central oversight. Whereas a conventional ledger records the transfers of actual bills or promissory notes that exist apart from it, the blockchain is the only place that bitcoins can be said to exist in the form of unspent outputs of transactions.

Transactions are defined using a Forth -like scripting language. When a user sends bitcoins, the user designates each address and the amount of bitcoin being sent to that address in an output. To prevent double spending, each input must refer to a previous unspent output in the blockchain.

Since transactions can have multiple outputs, users can send bitcoins to multiple recipients in one transaction. As in a cash transaction, the sum of inputs coins used to pay can exceed the intended sum of payments.

In such a case, an additional output is used, returning the change back to the payer. Paying a transaction fee is optional. Because the size of mined blocks is capped by the network, miners choose transactions based on the fee paid relative to their storage size, not the absolute amount of money xbt bitcoin wiki page as a fee. The size of transactions is dependent on the number of inputs used to create the transaction, and the number of outputs. In the blockchain, bitcoins are registered to bitcoin addresses.

Creating a bitcoin address is nothing more than picking a random valid private key and computing the corresponding bitcoin address. This computation can be done in a split second.

But the reverse computing the private key of a given bitcoin address is mathematically unfeasible and so users can tell others and make public a bitcoin address without compromising its corresponding private key.

Moreover, the number of valid private keys is so vast that it is extremely unlikely someone will compute a key-pair that is already in use and has funds. The vast number of valid private keys makes it unfeasible that brute force could be used for that. To be able to spend the bitcoins, the owner must know the corresponding private key and digitally sign the transaction. The network verifies the signature using the public key.

If the private key is lost, the bitcoin network will not recognize any other evidence of ownership; [8] the coins are then unusable, and effectively lost. Mining is a record-keeping service done through the use of computer processing xbt bitcoin wiki page.

To be accepted by the rest of xbt bitcoin wiki page network, a new block must contain a so-called proof-of-work PoW. Every 2, blocks approximately 14 days at roughly 10 min per blockthe difficulty target is adjusted based on the network's recent performance, with the aim of keeping the average time between new blocks at ten minutes. In this way the system automatically adapts to the total amount of mining power on the network.

The proof-of-work system, alongside the chaining of blocks, makes modifications of the blockchain extremely hard, as an attacker must modify all subsequent blocks in order for the modifications of one block to be accepted. Computing power is often bundled together or "pooled" to reduce variance in miner income. Individual mining rigs often have to wait for long periods to confirm a block of transactions and receive payment.

In a pool, all participating miners get paid every time a participating server solves a block. This payment depends on the amount of work an individual miner contributed to help find that block. The successful miner finding the new block xbt bitcoin wiki page rewarded with newly created bitcoins and transaction fees. To claim the reward, a special transaction called a coinbase is included xbt bitcoin wiki page the processed payments.

The bitcoin protocol specifies that the reward for adding a block will be halved every xbt bitcoin wiki page, blocks approximately every four years. Eventually, the reward will decrease to zero, and the xbt bitcoin wiki page of 21 million bitcoins [f] will be reached c.

Their numbers are being released roughly every ten minutes and the rate at which they are generated would drop by half every four years until all were in circulation. A wallet stores the information necessary to transact bitcoins. While wallets are often described as a place to hold [87] or store bitcoins, [88] due to the nature of the system, bitcoins are inseparable from the blockchain transaction ledger.

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Bitcoin was invented by an unknown person or group of people under the name Satoshi Nakamoto [10] and released as open-source software in Bitcoins are created as a reward for a process known as mining. They can be exchanged for other currencies, [12] products, and services. As of February , over , merchants and vendors accepted bitcoin as payment. The word bitcoin first occurred and was defined in the white paper [5] that was published on 31 October There is no uniform convention for bitcoin capitalization.

Some sources use Bitcoin , capitalized, to refer to the technology and network and bitcoin , lowercase, to refer to the unit of account. The unit of account of the bitcoin system is a bitcoin. Named in homage to bitcoin's creator, a satoshi is the smallest amount within bitcoin representing 0.

As with most new symbols, font support is very limited. Typefaces supporting it include Horta. On 18 August , the domain name "bitcoin. In January , the bitcoin network came into existence after Satoshi Nakamoto mined the first ever block on the chain, known as the genesis block. This note has been interpreted as both a timestamp of the genesis date and a derisive comment on the instability caused by fractional-reserve banking.

The receiver of the first bitcoin transaction was cypherpunk Hal Finney , who created the first reusable proof-of-work system RPOW in In the early days, Nakamoto is estimated to have mined 1 million bitcoins.

So, if I get hit by a bus, it would be clear that the project would go on. Over the history of Bitcoin there have been several spins offs and deliberate hard forks that have lived on as separate blockchains. These have come to be known as "altcoins", short for alternative coins, since Bitcoin was the first blockchain and these are derivative of it.

These spin offs occur so that new ideas can be tested, when the scope of that idea is outside that of Bitcoin, or when the community is split about merging such changes.

Since then there have been numerous forks of Bitcoin. See list of bitcoin forks. The blockchain is a public ledger that records bitcoin transactions. A novel solution accomplishes this without any trusted central authority: The blockchain is a distributed database — to achieve independent verification of the chain of ownership of any and every bitcoin amount, each network node stores its own copy of the blockchain.

This allows bitcoin software to determine when a particular bitcoin amount has been spent, which is necessary in order to prevent double-spending in an environment without central oversight. Whereas a conventional ledger records the transfers of actual bills or promissory notes that exist apart from it, the blockchain is the only place that bitcoins can be said to exist in the form of unspent outputs of transactions.

Transactions are defined using a Forth -like scripting language. When a user sends bitcoins, the user designates each address and the amount of bitcoin being sent to that address in an output.

To prevent double spending, each input must refer to a previous unspent output in the blockchain. Since transactions can have multiple outputs, users can send bitcoins to multiple recipients in one transaction. As in a cash transaction, the sum of inputs coins used to pay can exceed the intended sum of payments.

In such a case, an additional output is used, returning the change back to the payer. Paying a transaction fee is optional. Because the size of mined blocks is capped by the network, miners choose transactions based on the fee paid relative to their storage size, not the absolute amount of money paid as a fee. The size of transactions is dependent on the number of inputs used to create the transaction, and the number of outputs.

In the blockchain, bitcoins are registered to bitcoin addresses. Creating a bitcoin address is nothing more than picking a random valid private key and computing the corresponding bitcoin address. This computation can be done in a split second. But the reverse computing the private key of a given bitcoin address is mathematically unfeasible and so users can tell others and make public a bitcoin address without compromising its corresponding private key.

Moreover, the number of valid private keys is so vast that it is extremely unlikely someone will compute a key-pair that is already in use and has funds. The vast number of valid private keys makes it unfeasible that brute force could be used for that. To be able to spend the bitcoins, the owner must know the corresponding private key and digitally sign the transaction. The network verifies the signature using the public key. If the private key is lost, the bitcoin network will not recognize any other evidence of ownership; [8] the coins are then unusable, and effectively lost.

Mining is a record-keeping service done through the use of computer processing power. To be accepted by the rest of the network, a new block must contain a so-called proof-of-work PoW. Every 2, blocks approximately 14 days at roughly 10 min per block , the difficulty target is adjusted based on the network's recent performance, with the aim of keeping the average time between new blocks at ten minutes. In this way the system automatically adapts to the total amount of mining power on the network.

The proof-of-work system, alongside the chaining of blocks, makes modifications of the blockchain extremely hard, as an attacker must modify all subsequent blocks in order for the modifications of one block to be accepted. Computing power is often bundled together or "pooled" to reduce variance in miner income. Individual mining rigs often have to wait for long periods to confirm a block of transactions and receive payment.

In a pool, all participating miners get paid every time a participating server solves a block. This payment depends on the amount of work an individual miner contributed to help find that block. The successful miner finding the new block is rewarded with newly created bitcoins and transaction fees. To claim the reward, a special transaction called a coinbase is included with the processed payments.

The bitcoin protocol specifies that the reward for adding a block will be halved every , blocks approximately every four years. Eventually, the reward will decrease to zero, and the limit of 21 million bitcoins [f] will be reached c. Their numbers are being released roughly every ten minutes and the rate at which they are generated would drop by half every four years until all were in circulation.

A wallet stores the information necessary to transact bitcoins. While wallets are often described as a place to hold [59] or store bitcoins, [60] due to the nature of the system, bitcoins are inseparable from the blockchain transaction ledger. A better way to describe a wallet is something that "stores the digital credentials for your bitcoin holdings" [60] and allows one to access and spend them.

Bitcoin uses public-key cryptography , in which two cryptographic keys, one public and one private, are generated. There are three modes which wallets can operate in. They have an inverse relationship with regards to trustlessness and computational requirements. Third-party internet services called online wallets offer similar functionality but may be easier to use. In this case, credentials to access funds are stored with the online wallet provider rather than on the user's hardware.

A malicious provider or a breach in server security may cause entrusted bitcoins to be stolen. An example of such a security breach occurred with Mt. Physical wallets store offline the credentials necessary to spend bitcoins. Another type of wallet called a hardware wallet keeps credentials offline while facilitating transactions. The first wallet program — simply named "Bitcoin" — was released in by Satoshi Nakamoto as open-source code. While a decentralized system cannot have an "official" implementation, Bitcoin Core is considered by some to be bitcoin's preferred implementation.

Bitcoin was designed not to need a central authority [5] and the bitcoin network is considered to be decentralized. In mining pool Ghash. The pool has voluntarily capped their hashing power at Bitcoin is pseudonymous , meaning that funds are not tied to real-world entities but rather bitcoin addresses. Owners of bitcoin addresses are not explicitly identified, but all transactions on the blockchain are public.

In addition, transactions can be linked to individuals and companies through "idioms of use" e. To heighten financial privacy, a new bitcoin address can be generated for each transaction.

Wallets and similar software technically handle all bitcoins as equivalent, establishing the basic level of fungibility. Researchers have pointed out that the history of each bitcoin is registered and publicly available in the blockchain ledger, and that some users may refuse to accept bitcoins coming from controversial transactions, which would harm bitcoin's fungibility. The blocks in the blockchain were originally limited to 32 megabyte in size. The block size limit of one megabyte was introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto in , as an anti-spam measure.

Transaction records traditionally contain a certain amount of data that is mostly only used while confirming the block in question; it does not serve any real purpose once the block is safely on the chain. SegWit introduces a new transaction format that segregates these record fields from record fields of lasting value such as ID, sender, recipient, or amount.

The segregated data, the so-called witness , is not sent to non-SegWit nodes and therefore does not form part of the blockchain as seen by legacy nodes. This lowers the size of the average transaction, thereby increasing the effective carrying capacity of each block without incurring the hard fork implied by a conventional block size increase. Bitcoin is a digital asset designed by its inventor, Satoshi Nakamoto, to work as a currency.

The question whether bitcoin is a currency or not is still disputed. According to research produced by Cambridge University , there were between 2. The number of users has grown significantly since , when there were , to 1.

In , the number of merchants accepting bitcoin exceeded , Reasons for this fall include high transaction fees due to bitcoin's scalability issues, long transaction times and a rise in value making consumers unwilling to spend it. Merchants accepting bitcoin ordinarily use the services of bitcoin payment service providers such as BitPay or Coinbase.

When a customer pays in bitcoin, the payment service provider accepts the bitcoin on behalf of the merchant, converts it to the local currency, and sends the obtained amount to merchant's bank account, charging a fee for the service. Bitcoins can be bought on digital currency exchanges.

According to Tony Gallippi , a co-founder of BitPay , "banks are scared to deal with bitcoin companies, even if they really want to". In a report, Bank of America Merrill Lynch stated that "we believe bitcoin can become a major means of payment for e-commerce and may emerge as a serious competitor to traditional money-transfer providers.