How do i know if i have 32 bit or 64 bit mac os x

How to Find All 32-Bit Apps on a Mac

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In computer architecturebit computing is the use of processors that have datapath widths, integer size, and memory address widths of 64 bits eight octets. Also, bit computer architectures for central processing units CPUs and arithmetic logic units ALUs are those that are based on processor registersaddress busesor data buses of that size. From the software perspective, bit computing means the use of code with bit virtual memory addresses. However, not how do i know if i have 32 bit or 64 bit mac os x bit instruction sets support full bit virtual memory addresses; x and ARMv8for example, support only 48 bits of virtual address, with the remaining 16 bits of the virtual address required to be all 0's or all 1's, and several bit instruction sets support fewer than 64 bits of physical memory address.

The term bit describes a generation of computers in which bit processors are the norm. A bit register can store 2 64 over 18 quintillion or 1. The range of integer values that can be stored in 64 bits depends on the integer representation used. With no further qualification, a bit computer architecture generally has integer and addressing processor registers that are 64 bits wide, allowing direct support for bit data types and addresses.

However, a CPU might have external data buses or address buses with different sizes from the registers, even larger the bit Pentium had a bit data bus, for instance [2]. The term may also refer to the size of low-level data types, such as bit floating-point numbers. Processor registers are typically divided into several groups: However, in modern designs, these functions are often performed by more general purpose integer registers.

In most processors, only integer or address-registers can be used to address data in memory; the other types of registers cannot. The size of these registers therefore normally limits the amount of directly addressable memory, even if there are registers, such as floating-point registers, that are wider. In contrast, the bit Alpha family uses a bit floating-point data and register format, and bit integer registers. Many computer instruction sets are designed so that a single integer register can store the memory address to any location in the computer's physical or virtual memory.

Therefore, the total number of addresses to memory is often determined by the width of these registers. Some supercomputer architectures of the s and s, such as the Cray-1[3] used registers up to 64 bits wide, and supported bit integer arithmetic, although they did not support bit addressing. In the mids, Intel i [4] development began culminating in a too late [5] for Windows NT release; the i had bit integer registers and bit addressing, so it was not a fully bit processor, although its graphics unit supported bit integer arithmetic.

A notable exception to this trend were mainframes from IBM, which then used bit data and bit address sizes; the IBM mainframes did not include bit processors until During the s, several low-cost bit microprocessors were used in consumer electronics and embedded applications.

Notably, the Nintendo 64 [7] and the How do i know if i have 32 bit or 64 bit mac os x 2 had bit microprocessors before their introduction in personal computers. High-end printers, network equipment, and industrial computers, also used bit microprocessors, such as the Quantum Effect Devices R However, not all instruction sets, and not all processors implementing those instruction sets, support a full bit virtual or physical address space.

The x architecture as of [update] allows 48 bits for virtual memory and, for any given processor, up to 52 bits for physical memory. Thus the bit physical address provides ample room for expansion while not incurring the cost of implementing full bit physical addresses.

The Power ISA v3. The Oracle SPARC Architecture allows 64 bits for virtual memory and, for any given processor, between 40 and 56 bits for physical memory. A change from a bit to a bit architecture is a fundamental alteration, as most operating systems must be extensively modified to take advantage of the new architecture, because that software has to manage the actual how do i know if i have 32 bit or 64 bit mac os x addressing hardware.

The operating systems for those bit architectures how do i know if i have 32 bit or 64 bit mac os x support both bit and bit applications. The IMPI instruction set was quite different from even bit PowerPC, so this transition was even bigger than moving a given instruction set from 32 to 64 bits.

On bit hardware with x architecture AMD64most bit operating systems and applications can run with no compatibility issues. While the larger address space of bit architectures makes working with large data sets in applications such as digital videoscientific computing, and large databases easier, there has been considerable debate on whether they or their bit compatibility modes will be faster than comparably priced bit systems for other tasks. A compiled Java program can run on a or bit Java virtual machine with no modification.

The lengths and precision of all the built-in types, such as charshortintlongfloatand doubleand the types that can be used as array indices, are specified by the standard and are not dependent on the underlying architecture.

Java programs that run on a bit Java virtual machine have access to a larger address space. Speed is not the only factor to consider in comparing bit and bit processors. Applications such as multi-tasking, stress testing, and clustering — for high-performance computing HPC — may be more suited to a bit architecture when deployed appropriately. The main disadvantage of bit architectures is that, relative to bit architectures, the same data occupies more space in memory due to longer pointers and possibly other types, and alignment how do i know if i have 32 bit or 64 bit mac os x.

This increases the memory requirements of a given process and can have implications for efficient processor cache use. Maintaining a partial bit model is one way to handle this, and is in general reasonably effective. Not all such applications require a large address space or manipulate bit data items, so these applications do not benefit from these features.

The most severe problem in Microsoft Windows is incompatible device drivers for obsolete hardware. Most bit application software can run on a bit operating system in a compatibility mode, also termed an emulation mode, e. DLL, which cannot call bit Win32 subsystem code often devices whose actual hardware function is emulated in user mode software, like Winprinters.

Because bit drivers for most devices were unavailable until early Vista x64using a bit version of Windows was considered a challenge.

Most manufacturers started to provide both bit and bit drivers for new devices, so unavailability of bit drivers ceased to be a problem. Driver compatibility was less of a problem with open-source drivers, as bit ones could be modified for bit use. Support for hardware made before earlywas problematic for open-source platforms, [ citation needed ] due to the relatively small number of users. However, most bit applications will work well.

Mac OS X This allowed those Macs to support bit processes while still supporting bit device drivers; although not bit drivers and performance advantages that can come with them. On systems with bit processors, both the and bit macOS kernels can run bit user-mode code, and all versions of macOS include bit versions of libraries that bit applications would use, so bit user-mode software for macOS will run on those systems. This source-based distribution model, with an emphasis on frequent releases, makes availability of application software for those operating systems less of an issue.

In bit programs, pointers and data types such as integers generally have the same length. This is not necessarily true on bit machines. In many programming environments for C and C-derived languages on bit machines, int variables are still 32 bits wide, but long integers and pointers are 64 bits wide. These are described as having an LP64 data model. Another alternative is the ILP64 data model in which all three data types are 64 bits wide, and even SILP64 where short integers are also 64 bits wide.

Another alternative is the LLP64 model, which maintains compatibility with bit code by leaving both int and long as bit. LL refers to the long long integer type, which is at least 64 bits on all platforms, including bit environments. Microsoft Windows uses an LLP64 model. The disadvantage of the LP64 model is that storing a long into an int may overflow. In the LLP64 model, the reverse is true. These are not problems which affect fully standard-compliant code, but code is often written with implicit assumptions about the widths of data types.

A programming model is a choice made to suit a given compiler, and several can coexist on the same OS. However, the programming model chosen as the primary model for the OS application programming interface API typically dominates.

Another consideration is the data model used for device drivers. Drivers make up the majority of the operating system code in most modern operating systems [ citation needed ] although many may not be loaded when the operating system is running. Many drivers use pointers heavily to manipulate data, and in some cases have to load pointers of a certain size into the hardware they support for direct memory access DMA.

As an example, a driver for a bit PCI device asking the device to DMA data into upper areas of a bit machine's memory could not satisfy requests from the operating system to load data from the device to memory above the 4 gibibyte barrier, because the pointers for those addresses would not fit into the DMA registers of the device.

How do i know if i have 32 bit or 64 bit mac os x problem is solved by having the OS take the memory restrictions of the device into account when generating requests to drivers for DMA, or by using an input—output memory management unit IOMMU. Most architectures of 64 bits that are derived from the same architecture of 32 bits can execute code written for the bit versions natively, with no performance penalty.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For bit images in computer graphics, see Deep color. This section needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. January Learn how and when to remove this template message. Retrieved October 8, Retrieved October 7, Versions of the VR processor are widely used in consumer and office automation applications, including the popular Nintendo 64TM video game and advanced laser printers such as the recently announced, award-winning Hewlett-Packard LaserJet printer family.

Retrieved 30 November Retrieved 9 August Archived from the original on Retrieved November 15, Archived from the original on 26 November Porting Linux to x PDF. Ottawa Linux Symposium The kernel, compiler, tool chain work. Archived from the original on 9 October Archived from the original on 18 June Retrieved 17 October Retrieved September 10, Archived from the original on 5 April Archived from the original on 10 May Retrieved 9 March Archived from the original on 23 October How portable is your code, really?

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The AMD K8 processor was the first to implement the architecture; this was the first significant addition to the x86 architecture designed by a company other than Intel. Intel was forced to follow suit and introduced a modified NetBurst family which was fully software-compatible with AMD's design and specification. The x specification is distinct from the Intel Itanium architecture formerly IA , which is not compatible on the native instruction set level with the x86 architecture.

Originally announced in [14] while a full specification became available in August , [15] the AMD64 architecture was positioned by AMD from the beginning as an evolutionary way to add bit computing capabilities to the existing x86 architecture, as opposed to Intel's approach of creating an entirely new bit architecture with IA The primary defining characteristic of AMD64 is the availability of bit general-purpose processor registers for example, rax and rbx , bit integer arithmetic and logical operations, and bit virtual addresses.

The designers took the opportunity to make other improvements as well. Some of the most significant changes are described below.

This would be approximately four billion times the size of virtual address space on bit machines. Most operating systems and applications will not need such a large address space for the foreseeable future, so implementing such wide virtual addresses would simply increase the complexity and cost of address translation with no real benefit.

In addition, the AMD specification requires that the most significant 16 bits of any virtual address, bits 48 through 63, must be copies of bit 47 in a manner akin to sign extension. If this requirement is not met, the processor will raise an exception. This is still 65, times larger than the virtual 4 GB address space of bit machines. This feature eases later scalability to true bit addressing. Many operating systems including, but not limited to, the Windows NT family take the higher-addressed half of the address space named kernel space for themselves and leave the lower-addressed half user space for application code, user mode stacks, heaps, and other data regions.

Also, enforcing the "canonical form" of addresses by checking the unused address bits prevents their use by the operating system in tagged pointers as flags, privilege markers, etc. Intel has proposed a scheme with a five-level page table.

If implemented, this would allow Intel 64 processors to support a bit virtual address space. The operating system can also limit the virtual address space. Details, where applicable, are given in the " Operating system compatibility and characteristics " section.

Details on this point are given in the " Operating system compatibility and characteristics " section of this article. The traditional x87 FPU register stack is not included in the register file size extension in bit mode, compared with the XMM registers used by SSE2, which did get extended.

The x87 register stack is not a simple register file although it does allow direct access to individual registers by low cost exchange operations. Also note that bit code written for the and below cannot use the bit general-purpose registers GPRs. Long mode is the architecture's intended primary mode of operation; it is a combination of the processor's native bit mode and a combined bit and bit compatibility mode. It is used by bit operating systems. Under a bit operating system, bit programs run under bit mode, and bit and bit protected mode applications that do not need to use either real mode or virtual mode in order to execute at any time run under compatibility mode.

Real-mode programs and programs that use virtual mode at any time cannot be run in long mode unless those modes are emulated in software. Since the basic instruction set is the same, there is almost no performance penalty for executing protected mode x86 code. This is unlike Intel's IA , where differences in the underlying instruction set means that running bit code must be done either in emulation of x86 making the process slower or with a dedicated x86 coprocessor.

However, on the x platform, many x86 applications could benefit from a bit recompile , due to the additional registers in bit code and guaranteed SSE2-based FPU support, which a compiler can use for optimization. However, applications that regularly handle integers wider than 32 bits, such as cryptographic algorithms, will need a rewrite of the code handling the huge integers in order to take advantage of the bit registers.

Legacy mode is the mode used by bit "protected mode" or "real mode" and bit operating systems. In this mode, the processor acts like a bit x86 processor, and only bit and bit code can be executed. Historically, AMD has developed and produced processors with instruction sets patterned after Intel's original designs, but with x, roles were reversed: Intel's chairman at the time, Craig Barrett , admitted that this was one of their worst-kept secrets. Intel's name for this instruction set has changed several times.

In contrast, the initial Prescott chips February did not enable this feature. VIA Technologies introduced their first implementation of the x architecture in after five years of development by its CPU division, Centaur Technology.

The processor supports a number of VIA-specific x86 extensions designed to boost efficiency in low-power appliances. It is expected that the Isaiah architecture will be twice as fast in integer performance and four times as fast in floating-point performance as the previous-generation VIA Esther at an equivalent clock speed.

Although nearly identical, there are some differences between the two instruction sets in the semantics of a few seldom used machine instructions or situations , which are mainly used for system programming. This is therefore of interest mainly to developers of compilers, operating systems and similar, which must deal with individual and special system instructions.

In supercomputers tracked by TOP , the appearance of bit extensions for the x86 architecture enabled bit x86 processors by AMD and Intel light olive with circles, and red with circles on the diagram provided in this section, respectively to replace most RISC processor architectures previously used in such systems including PA-RISC , SPARC , Alpha and others , as well as bit x86 green with dots and purple with dots on the diagram , even though Intel itself initially tried unsuccessfully to replace x86 with a new incompatible bit architecture in the Itanium processor.

Intel's Xeon Phi coprocessors, which implement a subset of x with some vector extensions, [49] are also used, along with x processors, in the Tianhe-2 supercomputer. The following operating systems and releases support the x architecture in long mode.

Preliminary infrastructure work was started in February for a x port. FreeBSD first added x support under the name "amd64" as an experimental architecture in 5. It was included as a standard distribution architecture as of 5. Work is currently being done to integrate more fully the x86 application binary interface ABI , in the same manner as the Linux bit ABI compatibility currently works.

The NX bit is used to provide non-executable stack and heap with per-page granularity segment granularity being used on bit x Complete in-tree implementation of AMD64 support was achieved prior to the hardware's initial release because AMD had loaned several machines for the project's hackathon that year.

DOS itself is not aware of that, and no benefits should be expected unless running DOS in an emulation with an adequate virtualization driver backend, for example: Linux was the first operating system kernel to run the x architecture in long mode , starting with the 2. This permits programs to be recompiled into long mode while retaining the use of bit programs. Several Linux distributions currently ship with xnative kernels and userlands.

Some, such as Arch Linux , [59] SUSE , Mandriva , and Debian allow users to install a set of bit components and libraries when installing off a bit DVD, thus allowing most existing bit applications to run alongside the bit OS. Other distributions, such as Fedora , Slackware and Ubuntu , are available in one version compiled for a bit architecture and another compiled for a bit architecture.

Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux allow concurrent installation of all userland components in both 32 and bit versions on a bit system. Mac OS X No other libraries or frameworks work with bit applications in Mac OS X The kernel, and all kernel extensions, are bit only.

However, not all bit computers can run the bit kernel, and not all bit computers that can run the bit kernel will do so by default. The bit kernel does not support bit kernel extensions , and the bit kernel does not support bit kernel extensions. In Mac OS X Solaris 10 and later releases support the x architecture. The default behavior is to boot a bit kernel, allowing both bit and existing or new bit executables to be run.

A bit kernel can also be manually selected, in which case only bit executables will run. The isainfo command can be used to determine if a system is running a bit kernel.

For Solaris 11, only the bit kernel is provided. However, the bit kernel supports both and bit executables, libraries, and system calls. Windows Vista , which also has many different editions, was released in January Windows Server R2 was sold in only x64 and Itanium editions; later versions of Windows Server only offer an x64 edition.

Since AMD64 and Intel 64 are substantially similar, many software and hardware products use one vendor-neutral term to indicate their compatibility with both implementations. The term IA refers to the Itanium processor, and should not be confused with x, as it is a completely different instruction set. Many operating systems and products, especially those that introduced x support prior to Intel's entry into the market, use the term "AMD64" or "amd64" to refer to both AMD64 and Intel Intel entered into a cross-licensing agreement with AMD, licensing to AMD their patents on existing x86 techniques, and licensing from AMD their patents on techniques used in x From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

For the Intel bit architecture in Itanium chips, see IA Canonical address space implementations diagrams not to scale. Retrieved November 23, Intel XNU bug report". Retrieved May 27, Unlike some bit processor architectures, the POWER and x hardware does not emulate bit mode. Therefore applications that do not benefit from bit features can run with full performance on the bit version of WebSphere running on the above mentioned bit platforms.

Archived from the original on Physical address space increased to 48 bits. Archived from the original PDF on October 10, Retrieved May 30, Retrieved 19 March Retrieved January 20, Retrieved June 17, VIA's new low-power architecture".

Archived from the original PDF on September 7, Retrieved July 31, General-Purpose and System Instructions". The Old New Thing. Retrieved June 21, Archived from the original on September 10, The kernel, compiler, tool chain work.

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