ION EXCHANGE RESINS IN TREATMENT OF EFFLUENTS FROM CUMENE SYNTHESIS.

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This application claims the benefit under 35 USC e of U. Provisional patent application No. Opioids are commonly prescribed because of their effective analgesic, or pain-relieving, properties. Medications that fall within this class, referred to as prescription narcotics, include morphine sulfate e. Morphine, for example, is often used before and after surgical procedures to alleviate severe pain. Codeine, on the other hand, is often prescribed for mild pain. In addition to their pain-relieving properties, some of these drugs can be used to relieve coughs and diarrhea.

However, opioid drugs are at times associated with side effects including, e. Further, because of the sometimes addictive properties of these drugs and the euphoria which can be associated with taking them, including through routes other than cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins prescribed, these opioid drugs are particular susceptible to abuse.

In order to reduce some of the gastrointestinal effects of these drugs, sustained release dosage forms have been described. Attempts to reduce abuse of opioid by pharmacological methods have been made.

These antagonists cannot be easily extracted from the agonist and will cause an aversive effect in a physically dependent patient. However, these antagonists may have other side effects which may be disadvantageous. This patent application describes an oxycodone formulation designed to provide a pH independent release rate with a peak plasma level between hours after administration.

Ion exchange resins coated with a diffusion barrier coating have been described for the preparation of sustained release systems for preparing sustained release formulations. There appears to be no meaningful data regarding the integrity of the coating film. Further, there is no data in the ' patent of prolonged release of the drug from the coated drug-ion exchange resin complex beyond about 12 hours. There have been literature-reported drawbacks of using ethyl cellulose based aqueous dispersions as coatings for drug-ion exchange resin complexes.

Enteric coatings have been described as delayed release polymers for providing an initial delay in drug release. Enteric coatings are also used for protecting the body from drugs which cause gastric irritation e. Optional use of an enteric coat which is insoluble in acidic pH and soluble in basic pH is described. US cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins a product which is described as being abuse resistant.

This product contains a core comprising a resonate of an opioid formed from the drug e. US A 1 describes using an ethyl cellulose polymer in an aqueous based coating system as a barrier coating. This publication further describes use of an optional enteric coating over the barrier coating to delay the drug release.

Opioid drug formulations which provide a desired sustained release profile without requiring an cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins combination to reduce abuse are desirable from a commercial drug perspective.

The present invention provides a modified release tablet formulation of an opioid drug bound to an ion exchange resin, coated with a hybrid coating comprising a barrier coating containing a polyvinyl acetate polymer and a plasticizer and an enteric polymer mixed therewith. Advantageously, the combination of sustained release provided by the complexation of the opioid drug with the ion exchange resin and the hybrid layer coating comprising the barrier coating component and the cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins coating component, provide a desired modified release profile while also providing favorable abuse resistance properties.

In one embodiment, the drug-ion exchange resin complex further comprises a solvating agent or a release retardant. Cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins a further embodiment, the invention provides cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins solid dose modified release morphine formulation.

This formulation may be a tablet or a capsule containing granules of the invention and contains a pharmaceutically effective amount of morphine bound cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins a pharmaceutically acceptable cationic exchange resin complex. The complex cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins provided with a cured hybrid modified release coating directly thereon. The hybrid coating comprises a single cured layer comprising a uniform mixture of a barrier forming component containing at least a polyinylacetate PVA polymer system and a plasticizer and enteric coating forming component preferably containing at cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins a PVA-phthalate and at least one plasticizer.

The invention further provides a method of administering an opioid drug e. Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be readily apparent from the following detailed description.

The present invention provides an opioid drug-ion exchange resin complex having a cured hybrid coating composed of a water-insoluble, water-permeable based diffusion barrier coating component and an enteric coating component. This cured, hybrid coated opioid-drug ion exchange resin complex of the invention provides desirable modified release properties while also providing desired abuse resistance.

Polyvinyl acetate, due to its high tensile strength in the presence of a plasticizer sprovides a flexible coating film for use as the water-permeable diffusion barrier coating that maintains its film integrity even when subjected to severe cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins force and stress such as during a compression step in a tabletting machine or the grinding action of a coffee beans grinder, mill, etc.

As described herein, this material remains substantially non-tacky and process-friendly with the addition of a plasticizer during the coating operation in a Wurster fluid bed or other coating operation and do not cause agglomeration during the coating of very fine particles of drug-ion exchange resins.

More particularly, an enteric coat component used in the present invention is insoluble in an aqueous system at acidic pH, e. In one embodiment, the enteric coat component is insoluble at pH 1 to about 5. Further, the enteric polymer selected for use in the invention is compatible with the barrier coating component of the hybrid coat.

More particularly, the enteric coating cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins s is non-reactive with the barrier coating, i. For example, in one embodiment, the barrier coating component is a polyvinylacetate-based polymeric system; the inventors found that a mixture of this polymeric cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins with a water insoluble methacrylic acid: In another example, another methacrylic acid: One particularly suitable enteric polymer is a polyvinylacetate phthalate PVAP based system, which the inventors found to combine and mix well with the polyinylacetate-based barrier coating.

The ' patent describes an enteric polymer system which, in one embodiment, is formed by the mixture of PVAP with a liquid plasticizer, a solid plasticizer, a detackifier and a lubricant. Suitably, the enteric polymer system also contains an alkalizing agent, a viscosity modifier, cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins anti-caking agent, and may include an anti-foam solution to prevent foaming during preparation.

The final enteric polymer solution is passed through a 60 mesh screen. Other suitable PVAP systems useful in the invention may be designed taking into consideration this information and the desirable enteric polymer system properties described herein. Advantageously, the hybrid coating material of the present invention is sufficiently flexible that it can withstand the amount of pressure applied during compression of the coated drug-ion exchange resin particles into tablet or granular form.

Further, following oral delivery and after passing through the stomach and into the higher pH level of the lower gastrointestinal tract, the pH-dependent, water-soluble enteric polymer e. Thus, the enteric polymer component of the hybrid coating serves as a pH-dependent pore-former which provides initial delayed release to the dosage unit, whereas the water permeable barrier coating polymer system polyvinyl acetate-based system continues to control release. These solid oral dose units are believed to function in a manner similar to a multiparticulate system; more particularly, the tablet or capsule disintegrates in the stomach to release the particles granuleswhich release active drug evenly and reduce variability in the release profile.

Thus, the drug release pattern from the compositions of the present invention is controlled or modified cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins combining at least one opioid drug e.

Such coating systems could be further customized by the incorporation of individual or a combination of hydrophilic or lipophilic plasticizers with a dispersion or suspension containing the barrier coating polymer. Such plasticizers include, e.

The release profile may be assessed using in vitro dissolution assays known to those of skill in the art [e. The release profile can be assessed in vivo e. Such assays are well known to those of skill in the art. For example, a modified release composition of the invention can be tailored to at least essentially match the in vivo release profile of a commercially available prescription opioid modified release composition.

In one embodiment, the composition of the invention is tailored to meet the in vivo release profile of a 12 hour cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins 24 hour product, e. A capsule containing granules can be designed to provide a similar release rate.

The product is expected to provide an in vivo therapeutic effect lasting cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins at least 12 up to about 24 hours. The hybrid coated opioid-ion exchange resin complexes of the invention and formulations Example 2 containing the complex provide desirable abuse resistance properties. The hybrid coated opioid-ion exchange resin complex of the invention cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins designed to provide an advantage in delaying release of active over products which could provide an almost immediate release of such active opioid ingredient upon such abuse of such product.

Further properties of the hybrid coating system of the present invention are discussed below. A detailed description of the components of the compositions of the present invention follows. The formulations of the invention are particularly well suited for oral dosage units containing opioid drugs having abuse potential. In one embodiment, these oral dosage units are solid dosage units. However, these formulations are adaptable to other types of dosage units e.

In one embodiment, the opioid drugs are used in the treatment of respiratory tract disorders such as, for example, antiitussive expectorants such as dihydrocodeine phosphate, codeine phosphate, and noscapine hydrochloride. In another embodiment, the opioid drugs are analgesics drugs such as hydrocodone, morphine, hydromorphone, oxycodone, codeine, levorphanol, meperidine, methadone, oxymorphone, buprenorphine, fentanyl and derivatives thereof, dipipanone, tramadol, etorphine, dihydroetorphine, butorphanol, levorphanol, or salts thereof or mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the opioid is morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, or a salt thereof. In one embodiment, a morphine salt is morphine sulfate; an oxycodone salt is oxycodone HCl; and a codeine salt is codeine sulfate or phosphate.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, inorganic acid salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, phosphate and the like; organic acid salts such as formate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, tartrate and the like; sulfonates such as methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and the like; amino acid salts such as arginate, asparaginate, glutamate and the like.

Other suitable salts will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, the amount of the opioid drug in the composition may be about 1 mg to mg. In another embodiment, the amount of the opioid drug in the composition is about 5 mg to about mg. In still another embodiment, the amount of the opioid drug in the composition is about 10 mg to about mg. The preceding list is not intended to be exclusive.

In some embodiments, the composition of the invention is designed to provide a release profile similar to a commercially available product. In such an instance, the present invention provides an equivalent amount of active opioid to the commercially available product based on weight. In another embodiment, the present invention provides an amount of active opioid bioequivalent to the commercially available product, i.

This can be readily determined by taking into consideration the molecular weight of the free base of the opioid drug bound to the resin, as compared to the compound in the commercial product, and further taking into consideration the percentage of active drug loaded on the resin.

These calculations are well within the skill of one in the art. Typically the size of the ion-exchange particles is from about 10 microns to about microns, preferably the particle size is within the range of about 40 microns to about microns for solid dosage forms, e. Particle sizes substantially below the lower limit are generally difficult to handle in all steps of the processing. Generally, uncoated drug-ion exchange resin particles of the invention will tend to be at the lower end of this range, whereas coated drug-ion exchange resin particles of the invention will tend to be at the higher end of this range.

However, both uncoated and coated drug-ion exchange resin particles may be designed within this size range. For additional discussion of ion exchange resins, see, e. A suitable ion exchange resin is selected depending upon the charge of the active opioid or its salt.

For example, cation exchange resins are well suited for use with drugs and other molecules having a cationic functionality, including, e. Cationic exchange resins have been cr liquid morphine ion exchange resins in the art and also commercially available. Examples of commercially available cationic resins include, without limitation, Dow XYS It consists of irregularly shaped particles with a size range of 47 to microns. There are mainly four products with different particle size distribution: Crosslinking is another important factor, which can influence physical properties, equilibrium conditions, drug loading, and drug release profiles.

Resins of various degrees of permeability are dependent on the divinylbenzene content, which was described as the degree of resin crosslinkage and the number after X is the percentage of divinylbenzene in the resin polymer.

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Modified-release dosage is a mechanism that in contrast to immediate-release dosage delivers a drug with a delay after its administration delayed-release dosage or for a prolonged period of time extended-release [ER, XR, XL] dosage or to a specific target in the body targeted-release dosage.

Sustained-release dosage forms are dosage forms designed to release liberate a drug at a predetermined rate in order to maintain a constant drug concentration for a specific period of time with minimum side effects. This can be achieved through a variety of formulations, including liposomes and drug-polymer conjugates an example being hydrogels.

Sustained release's definition is more akin to a "controlled release" rather than "sustained". Extended-release dosage consists of sustained-release SR and controlled-release CR dosage. SR maintains drug release over a sustained period but not at a constant rate.

CR maintains drug release over a sustained period at a nearly constant rate. Sometimes these and other terms are treated as synonyms, but the United States Food and Drug Administration has in fact defined most of these as different concepts.

Modified-release dosage and its variants are mechanisms used in tablets pills and capsules to dissolve a drug over time in order to be released slower and steadier into the bloodstream while having the advantage of being taken at less frequent intervals than immediate-release IR formulations of the same drug. For example, extended-release morphine enables people with chronic pain to only take one or two tablets per day. Most commonly it refers to time dependent release in oral dose formulations.

Timed release has several distinct variants such as sustained release where prolonged release is intended, pulse release, delayed release e. A distinction of controlled release is that not only it prolongs action but it attempts to maintain drug levels within the therapeutic window to avoid potentially hazardous peaks in drug concentration following ingestion or injection and to maximize therapeutic efficiency.

In addition to pills, capsules and injectable drug carriers that often have an additional release function , forms of controlled release medicines include gels, implants and devices e. Examples of cosmetics, personal care and food science applications often centre on odour or flavour release. The CRS is the worldwide society for delivery science and technologies.

CRS serves more than 1, members from more than 50 countries. Two-thirds of CRS membership is represented by industry and one-third represents academia and government. The earliest SR drugs is associated with a patent in by Israel Lipowski, who coated pellets which led to coating particles. Delivery is usually effected by dissolution, degradation or disintegration of an excipient in which the active compound is formulated.

Enteric coating and other encapsulation technologies can further modify release profiles. There is no industry standard for these abbreviations, and confusion and misreading have sometimes caused prescribing errors. For some drugs with multiple formulations, putting the meaning in parentheses is advisable. A few other abbreviations are similar to these in that they may serve as suffixes but refer to dose rather than release rate. They include ES and XS extra strength. Today, most time-release drugs are formulated so that the active ingredient is embedded in a matrix of insoluble substance s various: In some SR formulations, the drug dissolves into the matrix, and the matrix physically swells to form a gel, allowing the drug to exit through the gel's outer surface.

Micro-encapsulation is also regarded as a more complete technology to produce complex dissolution profiles. Through coating an active pharmaceutical ingredient around an inert core, and layering it with insoluble substances to form a microsphere one can obtain more consistent and replicable dissolution rates in a convenient format that can be mixed and matched with other instant release pharmaceutical ingredients in to any two piece gelatin capsule. The half-life of the drug refers to the drug's elimination from the bloodstream which can be caused by metabolism, urine, and other forms of excretion.

If the active compound has a long half-life over 6 hours , it is sustained on its own. If the active compound has a short half-life, it would require a large amount to maintain a prolonged effective dose. In this case, a broad therapeutic window is necessary to avoid toxicity; otherwise, the risk is unwarranted and another mode of administration would be recommended. The therapeutic index also factors whether a drug can be used as a time release drug. A drug with a thin therapeutic range, or small therapeutic index, will be determined unfit for a sustained release mechanism in partial fear of dose dumping which can prove fatal at the conditions mentioned.

Diffusion systems rate release is dependent on the rate at which the drug dissolves through a barrier which is usually a type of polymer. Diffusion systems can be broken into two subcategories, reservoir devices and matrix devices. Instead of diffusion, the drug release depends on the solubility and thickness of the coating.

Because of this mechanism, the dissolution will be the rate limiting factor here for drug release. Osmotic controlled-release oral delivery systems OROS have the form of a rigid tablet with a semi-permeable outer membrane and one or more small laser drilled holes in it.

As the tablet passes through the body , water is absorbed through the semipermeable membrane via osmosis , and the resulting osmotic pressure is used to push the active drug through the opening s in the tablet.

Osmotic release systems have a number of major advantages over other controlled-release mechanisms. They are significantly less affected by factors such as pH , food intake, GI motility , and differing intestinal environments. Using an osmotic pump to deliver drugs has additional inherent advantages regarding control over drug delivery rates.

This allows for much more precise drug delivery over an extended period of time, which results in much more predictable pharmacokinetics.

However, osmotic release systems are relatively complicated, somewhat difficult to manufacture, and may cause irritation or even blockage of the GI tract due to prolonged release of irritating drugs from the non-deformable tablet. In the ion-exchange method, the resins are cross-linked water-insoluble polymers that contain ionisable functional groups that form a repeating pattern of polymers, creating a polymer chain.

The area and length of the drug release and number of cross-link polymers dictate the rate at which the drug is released, determining the SR effect. A floating system is a system where it floats on gastric fluids due to low-density. The buoyancy will allow the system to float to the top of the stomach and release at a slower rate without worry of excreting it. This system requires there are enough gastric fluids present as well as food.

Bio-adhesive systems generally are meant to stick to mucus and can be favorable for mouth based interactions due to high mucus levels in the general area but not as simple for other areas.

Magnetic materials can be added to the drug so another magnet can hold it from outside the body to assist in holding the system in place. However, there is low patient compliance with this system. The matrix system is the mixture of materials with the drug, which will cause the drug to slow down. However, this system has several subcategories: Examples of stimuli that may be used to bring about release include pH, enzymes, light, magnetic fields, temperature, ultrasonics, osmosis and more recently electronic control of MEMS [21] and NEMS.

Some time release formulations do not work properly if split, such as controlled-release tablet coatings, while other formulations such as micro-encapsulation still work if the microcapsules inside are swallowed whole. Among the health information technology HIT that pharmacists use are medication safety tools to help manage this problem. For example, the ISMP "do not crush" list [25] can be entered into the system so that warning stickers can be printed at the point of dispensing, to be stuck on the pill bottle.

Pharmaceutical companies that do not supply a range of half-dose and quarter-dose versions of time-release tablets can make it difficult for patients to be slowly tapered off their drugs.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. February Learn how and when to remove this template message. Osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system. Drug Delivery and Targeting , p. Sustained Release Drug Delivery System. Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology.

Sustained Release Drug Delivery System: Release Drug Delivery System Potential. American Journal of PharmTech Research.

Drug delivery and targeting. Novel Oral Sustained Release Technology: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

Current medical research and opinion. Drug development and industrial pharmacy. European journal of clinical pharmacology. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy. Oral dosage forms that should not be crushed PDF.

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